Scottish Legal History: A
Research Guide
By Yasmin
Morais
Yasmin Morais is Resident Librarian at the
Georgetown University Law Center’s Edward Bennett Williams Law Library. She
obtained her MLIS from the Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, and her
MSc in Government from the University of the West Indies. Yasmin has previously
published articles in Law Library Lights
and LLRX.com.
Published
November/December 2008
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Scottish Legal History: An
Overview
2.1. The
Development of the Courts
(a) Central
Criminal Courts
(b) Central Civil
Courts
2.2. Establishment of the Early Scottish Parliament
3. Primary Sources
3.1. Early Treatises
4. Secondary Sources
4.1. General Texts
4.2. Journals
5. The Scottish Parliament
6. Courts and Court Records
6.1. Baron Baillie Court
6.2. Court of Session
6.3. High Court of Justiciary
6.4. House of Lords
6.5. Sheriff Court
7. Abridgments, Commentaries, Dictionaries
and Digests
8. Trials
9. Electronic Resources
10.
Reports
1.
Introduction
This
research guide was created to assist with research on Scottish legal history.
The guide covers the feudal period through 1901 and highlights the pre-eminent
print and electronic resources which are useful for research in this area.
Annotations are provided for some of the resources. This guide is adapted from
the author’s research guide created for the Georgetown University Law Center
Library.
2.
Scottish Legal History: An Overview
Legal historians
tend to focus on the development of the Scottish legal system from the feudal
period onward, since little is known about Scottish law prior to A.D. 1000.
Early Scottish law can be described as an amalgam of Celtic, British, Norse,
and Anglo-Saxon laws and customs, with various geographical regions
experiencing one or more these influences. For example, Celtic customs were
more pronounced in the Gaelic Highlands, whereas on the outlying islands, Norse
law and customs were the direct result of previous Scandinavian occupation. The
Norman Conquest of England in 1066, and the marriage of Malcolm III to Margaret
in 1070, contributed to Anglo-Saxon influence on the Scottish church and state.
By the twelfth
century, the feudal system was introduced into Scotland. It was a decentralized
social and economic system of government and land tenure. This system eventually
developed into the parliamentum or
court of law, and led to the establishment of the Curia Regis or great council, based on the English model.
Some of the offices and institutions which were created as a result of the
feudal monarchy under David I include the justiciar or justice-general, the
king's delegate for administration; Iudices,
or royal officers who were attached to a province; sheriffs, who maintained
order and collected revenue in the king's name; and barons and bailies. Two
very important sources of Scottish law which developed around this period are
the Regiam Majestatem
and the Quoniam
Attachiamenta. The Regiam
Majestatem, considered the chief source of
Scottish-Norman law, is derived from early Scottish statutes, and from Roman,
canon and the common law of Scotland. It was possibly compiled around 1285. The
Quoniam Attachiamenta ,
containing forms, styles and other practice materials, was written around the
fourteenth century and served as a practice manual to the feudal courts.
2.1. The Development of
the Courts
Various court
systems also developed over this period. These included:
- Guild Merchants and Burgh Courts. The guild courts had jurisdiction
primarily over buildings, streets and nuisances, while each burgh
established courts to enforce its own regulations and settle disputes.
Burghs, usually located near a royal castle, began to develop as economic
organizations and functioned as market centers for the sheriffdoms. The
original four burghs were Berwick, Roxburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling, and
their operations led to the emergence of the Leges Quatuor Burgorum, a compilation of municipal
regulations
- Barony and Regalty Courts. These were presided over by
the baron or his bailie, or both, or by two bailies. This court's civil
jurisdiction extended to debt possession, lawburrows, breach of
arrestment, bloodwite and deforcement. It also had criminal jurisdiction
in theft and slaughter.
- Sheriff Courts. The sheriff court was originally held at the
castle. Head courts were held 3 times per year, with lesser courts meeting
more infrequently. The sheriff presided over the court and administered
both civil and criminal justice.
- Ecclesiastical Courts. From around 1192, dioceses of
the Scottish Kingdom were recognized by the Pope as exempt from
metropolitan authority, and prior to the Reformation bishops in these
dioceses each had their own consistorial courts. These dioceses undertook
judicial functions and compiled ecclesiastical statutes which were used at
the provincial and diocesan levels. Bishops and abbots were influencial in
government and the canon law of the Roman church as introduced, resulting
in the influence of Roman law on the Scottish legal system. Ecclesiastical
tribunals were led by judges-delegate, and dealt mainly with matrimonial
cases, but also with criminal and civil issues, with appeals and final
decisions considered by Rome. Following the Reformation, the Court of
Session during the period 1560-1563 assumed responsibility for
consistorial cases and other issues previously determined by the
ecclesiastical tribunals. The Reformation period also ushered in the
Presbyterian Kirk Sessions or consistorial courts, throughout Scotland.
(a) Central Criminal Courts
The justiciar,
or office of the justice-general, had its beginnings during the reign of David
(1124-53). Initially, two Justiciars were appointed as the king's delegates to
administer justice in civil and criminal matters. Later, a third justiciar was
appointed to deal with civil and criminal cases not under the jurisdiction of
the king's court. Justiciars were usually important noblemen, and over time,
the number of justiciars increased. Eventually, the office of justice-general
was made hereditary until around 1836, when it was merged with the office of
Lord President of the Court of Session. Reform of the supreme criminal court
eventually led to the institution of the High Court of Justiciary in 1672.
(b) Central Civil Courts
The Court of
Session, which could be considered the brainchild of James I (1406-37), evolved
because of attempts at court reform and the need to determine complaints and
causes. After several modifications in the structure and operation of the
court, by around 1450, the king chose persons from three Estates, who with the
chancellor were to hold three sessions per year. By 1456 the Estates chose nine
judges, appointed by the General Council, with each Estate having three judges
who would sit in three sections, hearing and deciding cases. The Reformation
led to the decline of Roman law influence, with the Court of Session
determining matters previously administered by the ecclesiastical tribunals.
Parliament also annulled all laws, acts and constitutions which were considered
in opposition to the reformed religion.
2.2. Establishment of the Early Scottish Parliament
The Scottish
parliament, unicameral in structure, was established in the early thirteenth
century and served as both a court of first instance and as a court of appeal.
Parliament had jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. Judicial authority
rested with the entire parliament, but later committees became functional and
exercised authority. Unlike the English parliament, which was based on the
principal of bicameralism, the Scottish parliament was particularly susceptible
to monarchical influence.
After several
aborted efforts to form a union of the parliaments of Scotland and England,
further attempts were made after 1689. Some of the thorny issues included
English objection to free trade between the two countries, the question of
succession to the English throne, taxation, jurisdiction of the Scottish courts
and the number of Scottish representatives in the new Parliament of Great
Britain. As a result of the joint commission meeting in April 1706, there was
agreement on three key issues: 1) an incorporating union; 2) English guarantee
of complete free trade; and 3) Scottish agreement to recognise the Electress of
Hanover and her heirs as Protestants and successors to Queen Anne, the Queen of
Scotland. Scotland ratified the articles of union in January 1707, and the
English Parliament ratified them in March of 1707. On May 1, 1707, the treaty
entered into force. The Treaty of Union stipulated the continuance of Scottish
law and courts. It also called for the establishment of a Court of Exchequer in
Scotland to decide revenue issues.
References
Walker, David
M. A Legal History of Scotland.
Edinburgh: W. Green, 1988-2004.
Walker, David
M. The Scottish Legal System: An
Introduction to the Study of Scots Law. Edinburgh: W. Green, 2001.
3. Primary Sources
- Dundas, John. A Summary View of the Feudal Law: With
the Differences of the Scots Law From It; Together with a Dictionary of
the Select Terms of the Scots and English Law, By Way of An Appendix. Edinburgh:
1710.
- Hume, David. Decisions of the Court of Session,
1781-1822, in the Form of a Dictionary. Edinburgh: William Blackwood
and Sons, 1839.
- Mackenzie, George. Observations on the Acts of Parliament:
Made by King James the First, King James Second, King James the Third,
Queen Mary, King James the Sixth, King Charles the First and King Charles
ll. Edinburgh, 1687.
- Scotland. The Laws and Acts of Parliament Made by
the Most Excellent and Mighty King and Monarch James, by the Grace of God,
King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, & c.
Edinburgh: Andrew Anderson, 1674.
- Skene, John. Regiam
Majestatem. The Auld Lawes
and Constitutions of Scotland [1004-1400]. Edinburgh: John Wood, 1609.
There is also a 1774 edition.
- Stair Society. Regiam Majestatem and Quoniam
Attachiamenta, based on the text of Sir John Skene. Edinburgh, 1947.
3.1. Early Treatises
- Adam, William. A Practical Treatise and Observations
on Trial by Jury in Civil Causes, As Now Incorporated with the Jurisdiction
of the Court of Session. Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1836.
- Bell, Robert. A Treatise on the Election Laws, As
They Relate to the Representation of Scotland in the Parliament of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Edinburgh: George Ramsay
and Company, 1812. This is
available electronically through the Making of Modern Law database.
- Burnett, John. A Treatise on Various Branches of the
Criminal Law of Scotland. Edinburgh: George Ramsay and Company, 1811.
Also available through the Making of Modern Law database.
- Connell, John. A Treatise on the Law of Scotland,
Respecting the Erection, Union, and Disjunction of Parishes; the Manses
and Glebes of the Parochial Clergy, and the Patronage of the Churches.
Edinburgh: Peter Hill and Company, 1818. Also available through the Making of
Modern Law database.
- Forbes, William. A Treatise of Church-Lands and Tithes.
In Two Parts. Edinburgh: Andrew
Anderson, 1705.
- Forbes, William. A Methodical Treatise Concerning Bills
of Exchange: Wherein is an Account of the Life and Progress of Exchange.
Edinburgh: J. Mosman, et al,
1718.
- Fraser, Patrick. A Treatise on the Law of Scotland: As
Applicable to the Personal and Domestic Relations: Comprising Husband and
Wife, Parent and Child, Guardian and Ward, Master and Servant. Edinburgh,
T. & T. Clark, 1846. Also available through the Making of Modern Law
database.
- Glen, William. A Treatise on the Law of Bills of
Exchange, Promissory Notes, and Letters of Credit in Scotland. Edinburgh:
Archibald Constable and Company, 1807. Also available through the Making of Modern Law
database.
- Hutcheson, Gilbert. Treatise on the Offices of Justice of
the Peace; Constable; Commissioner of Supply; and Commissioner under
Comprehending Acts, in Scotland; with Occasional Observations Upon Other
Municipal Jurisdictions. Edinburgh: William Creech, 1809. Also available through the Making of
Modern Law database.
- Mackenzie, James. A Treatise Concerning the Origin and
Progress of Fees: Or, the Constitution and Transmission of Heritable
Rights. Edinburgh: Gideon Crawford, 1761.
- Sandford, Erskine Douglas. A Treatise on the History and Law of
Entails in Scotland. Edinburgh: James Ballantyne and Company, 1822.
Also available through the Making of Modern Law database.
4. Secondary Sources
4.1. General Texts
Listed
below is a selection of good secondary sources for Scottish legal history.
- Cowan,
Edward J. "For Freedom Alone": The
Declaration of Arbroath, 1320. East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 2003.
- Farmer,
Lindsay. Criminal Law, Tradition and
Legal Order: Crime and the Genius of Scots Law, 1747 to the Present. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Ferguson,
Paul Craig. Medieval Papal
Representatives in Scotland: Legates, Nuncios and Judges-Delegate,
1125-1286. Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1997
- Ford,
J.D. Law and Opinion in Scotland
During the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Hart, 2007.
- Kiralfy,
Albert & MacQueen, Hector
L. (eds.). New Perspectives in
Scottish Legal History. London: Frank Cass, 1984.
- MacQueen, Hector L. Common Law and Feudal Society in
Medieval Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993.
- Mitchison, Rosalind. The Old Poor Law in Scotland: The
Experience of Poverty, 1574-1845. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
2000.
- Neville,
Cynthia J. Violence, Custom and Law:
The Anglo-Scottish Border Lands in the Later Middle Ages. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, 1998.
- Pryde,
George S. The Treaty of Union of Scotland and
England, 1707. Greenwood Press, 1979.
- Styles,
Scott Crichton. The Scottish Legal
Tradition. Edinburgh: The Stair Society, 1991.
- Walker,
David M. A Legal History of Scotland.
Edinburgh: W. Green, 1988-2004.
This multi-volume work is considered one of the most authoritative
resources on Scottish legal history.
- Walker,
David M. The Scottish Legal System:
An Introduction to the Study of Scotts Law. Edinburgh: W. Green, 2001.
4.2. Journals
·
Journal of Scottish Historical Studies.
·
Scots Law Times. Available on Westlaw. Coverage from
1893.
·
Scottish Historical Review.
·
Scottish Law Journal and Sheriff Court Record,
1858-61
5. The Scottish
Parliament
- Cobbett,
William. Cobbett’s Parliamentary
History of England From the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the Year 1803, From
Which Last-Mentioned Epoch It Is Continued Downwards in the Work Entitled
“Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates”. London: T.C. Hansard, 1806-1820.
Multi-volume work. Appendix 1 through to volume 6 contain proceedings of
the Scottish Parliament from 1703 to union with England in 1707.
- Lord
Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury. General Index to the Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, to Which
is Prefixed a Supplement to the Acts. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register
House, 1875. Two-part resource.
- MacIntosh,
Gillian H. The Scottish Parliament
Under Charles II, 1660-1685. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
2007.
- Records
Commission of Great Britain. The
Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland [1707].. This
is a ten-volume set.
- Terry,
Charles Sanford. The Scottish
Parliament: Its Constitution and Procedure, 1603-1707. Glasgow: J.
MacLehose and Sons, 1905. Available electronically through the Making of
Modern Law database.
6. Courts and Court Records
6.1. Baron Baillie
Court
- Brown,
Andrew. Judicial Proceedings Before
the Baron Bailie Courts: With the Style of Summons's [sic], &c.,Usually
Practised, and Observations in Law Connected Therewith. Muthill: Pitkellony
Private Press, 1816. Also available through the Making of Modern Law
database.
- Stitchill
Baron Court. Records of the Baron
Court of Stichill, 1655-1807. Edinburgh: T. & A. Constable, 1905.
Available through the Making of Modern Law database.
6.2. Court of Session
- Deas,
George & Anderson, James. Cases
Decided in the Court of Session, Jury Court, and High Court of Justiciary,
from March 13 [1829] to [September 8, 1832]. Edinburgh: Stirling &
Kenney, 1829-33. This is a multi-volume set.
- Gibson,
Alexander. The Decisions of the
Lords of Council and Session, in Most Cases of Importance, Debated and
Brought Before Them; From July 1621 to July 1642. Edinburgh: Stewart
& Tennent, 1690.
- Dalrymple,
Hew. Decisions of the Court of
Session: From [1698-1718]. Edinburgh: Gavin Hamilton & John
Balfour, 1758.
- MacFarlane,
Robert. The Practice of the Court of
Session in Jury Causes. Edinburgh:
Andrew Shortrede, 1837. Also available through Making of Modern Law
database.
- Morison,
William Maxwell. The Decisions of
the Court of Session from Its First Institution to the Present Time,
Digested Under Proper Heads, in the Form of a Dictionary. Edinburgh: Bell
& Bradfute, 1801-1808. This is a multi-volume set.
- Scotland.
Court of Session. Cases Decided in
the Court of Session. Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1834. This multi-volume
set is also called First Series and covers the period 1821-1832.
- Scotland.
Court of Session. Cases Decided in
the Court of Session. Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1839-1847. This
multi-volume set is also called Second Series and coverage is from
1838-1848.
6.3. High Court of
Justiciary
- Dreghorn,
John Maclaurin. Arguments, and
Decisions in Remarkable Cases, Before the High Court of Justiciary, and
Other Supreme Courts in Scotland. Edinburgh: J. Bell, 1774.
- Edinburgh
Justiciary Court. The Records of the
Proceedings of the Justiciary Court, Edinburgh, 1661-1678. Edinburgh: T. & A.
Constable, 1905.
- Louthian,
John. The Form of Process Before the
Court of Justiciary in Scotland; Containing the Constitution of the
Sovereign Criminal Court, and the Way and Manner of Their Procedure. Edinburgh:
Robert
Fleming & Company, 1732.
6.4. House of Lords
- Bell,
Sydney Smith. Cases Decided in the
House of Lords, on Appeal from the Courts of Scotland. 4 and 5 Victoriae,
Session of Parliament 1842-[1850]. Edinburgh: William Blackwood &
Sons, 1843-52. Multi-volume set.
- Craigie,
John, et al. Reports of Cases
Decided in the House of Lords, Upon Appeal from Scotland, From 1726-[1822].
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark,
1849-56. Multi-volume set.
- Macqueen,
John Fraser. Reports of Scotch
Appeals and Writs of Error, Together with Peerage, Divorce and Practice
Cases in the House of Lords [1847-1865]. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1855-1866. Multi-volume
set.
- Paterson,
James. Reports of Scotch Appeals in
the House of Lords A.D. 1851 to 1873, with Tables of All the Cases Cited,
Notes, and Copious Index. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1879. Two volumes.
6.5. Sheriff Court
- Acts of Parliament Relating
to Sheriff Court Practice: With Illustrations from Decisions of the
Supreme Courts, and Occasional Notes: Also An
Appendix Containing Recent Statutes and Acts of Sederunt, Including the
Act of Sederunt with Relative Forms Under the Employers and Workmen Act,
1875. Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute, 1876. Available through Making
of Modern Law database.
- The Scottish Law Review and
Reports of Cases in the Sheriff Courts of Scotland. Glasgow: W. Hodge & Co., 1885-1963. Multi-volume
set.
- Lees,
John M. Sheriff Court Styles Arranged in Dictionary Form: With Notes and
Authorities. Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute, 1892. Available through
Making of Modern Law database.
- Lees,
John M. A Handbook of Written and Oral Pleading in the Sheriff Court. Edinburgh:
William Hodge, 1920. Available through Making of Modern Law database.
- Lewis,
W. J. Synopsis of Sheriff Court Practice, Civil and Criminal. Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute,
1887. Available through Making of Modern Law database.
- Scots
Law Times. Sheriff Court Reports.
Edinburgh: W. Green & Son, Ltd., 1893. Multi-volume set.
7. Abridgments, Commentaries, Dictionaries and Digests
- Angus,
John W. A Dictionary of Crimes and
Offences According to the Law of Scotland with Notes Referential, Explanatory,
and Illustrative of the Same. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons, 1904.
Available through Making of Modern Law database.
- Bell,
George Joseph. Commentaries on the
Laws of Scotland, and on the Principles of Mercantile Jurisprudence. London:
Butterworths, 1989. Two-volume set. Several editions also available through
the Making of Modern Law database.
- Bell,
Robert D. Dictionary of the Law of Scotland
(3rd ed.) Edinburgh: John
Anderson & Co., 1826. 2 volume set. Also available
through Making of Modern Law database.
- Elchies,
Patrick Grant. Decisions of the
Court of Sessions, From the Year 1733 to 1754, Collected and Digested Into
the Form of a Dictionary. Edinburgh: William Maxwell Morison, 1813.
- Gouldesbrough,
Peter. Formulary of Old Scots Legal
Documents. Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1985.
- Henderson,
A. Edward. An Analytical Digest of
Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Scotland and on Appeal by the House
of Lords From July 20, 1867 to July 20, 1877. Edinburgh: T. & T.
Clark, 1878.
- Hume,
David. Commentaries on the Law of
Scotland, Respecting the Description and Punishment of Crimes. Edinburgh:
Bell
& Bradfute, 1797.
- Hume,
David. Commentaries on the Law of
Scotland, Respecting Trial for Crimes. Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute,
1800.
- Hume,
David. Decisions of the Court of
Session, [1781-1822], in the Form of a Dictionary. Edinburgh: William
Blackwood & Sons, 1839.
- Lamond,
Robert Peel. The Scottish Poor Laws:
Their History, Policy and Operation. Glasgow: W. Hodge, 1892.
Available through the Making of Modern Law database.
8. Trials
Below
are some useful print resources for researching ancient trials. Additional
electronic resources relating to trials are listed under section 9, Electronic
Resources.
- Arnot,
Hugo. A Collection and Abridgement
of Celebrated Criminal Trials in Scotland from A.D. 1536, to 1784. Glasgow:
A. Napier, 1812. Also available electronically through HeinOnline.
- Arnot,
Hugo. A Collection and Abridgement
of Celebrated Criminal Trials in Scotland, 1536-1784: With Historical and
Critical Remarks. Edinburgh: W.
Smellie, 1785.
- Green,
C. J. Trials for High Treason, in Scotland, Under a Special Commission,
Held at Stirling, Glasgow, Dumbarton, Paisley, and Ayr in the Year 1820.
Edinburgh: Manners & Miller, 1825.
- Pitcairn,
Robert. Ancient Criminal Trials in
Scotland: Compiled from the Original Records. Edinburgh: Maitland
Club, 1833. This is a multi-volume set.
- The Trials of James, Duncan
and Robert M'Gregor, Three Sons of the Celebrated Rob Roy, Before the High
Court of Justiciary, in the Years 1752, 1753, and 1754. This also contains a memoir on the highlands and
anecdotes of Rob Roy and his family. Edinburgh: J. Hay & Co., 1818.
9. Electronic Resources
Although BAILII’s coverage for its
Scottish documentation start in the 1990s, coverage in its United Kingdom
Legislation database starts in 1215. House of Lords decisions date back to
1838. BAILII also has Law Commission Reports and European Union resources.
o UK Cases Combined
(ALLCAS database) – Covers All England Law Reports Reprints from 1158
when available.
o England and Wales
Reported and Unreported Cases (CASES database). Covers reported cases from 1558
and tax cases from 1875 and also contains decisions of note from Scotland.
o Scottish Session Cases
(SESCAS database). Coverage starts with 1930.
The Stair Society was established
in 1934 to promote the study of Scots Law. This is an extremely useful site for
research, containing a number of legal history links to additional sites for
Scottish legal history research.
The Scottish Parliament’s website
provides useful information on the early Scottish Parliament and the Treaty of
Union.
This is perhaps one of the most
important databases for Scottish legal history research, with links to
resources such as the Acts and Proceedings of the Parliaments of Scotland to
1707, House of Lords judgments, parliamentary debates and public acts of
parliament.
- Westlaw Below are some
relevant Westlaw Directories:
o United Kingdom Reports
All (UK-RPTS-ALL). Coverage starts with 1865
o Scots Law Times
(SLT-RPTS). Coverage begins with 1893. This database carries full-text
decisions from the Court of Session, High Court of Justiciary and the House of
Lords. There are also selected decisions of Sheriff Courts.
o United Kingdom Case Law
Locator (UK-CASELOC). Coverage starts with 1865.
o All Law Reports
(ALL-RPTS). Coverage begins with 1865.
o United Kingdom Scots
Law Case Locator (UKSCO-CASELOC)
10. Reports
- Great Britain. Ninth Report of the Commissioners
Appointed for Inquiring into the Duties, Salaries, Fees and Emoluments of
the Several Officers, Clerks and Ministers of Justice of the Courts of
Scotland. London, 1821.
- Great Britain. General Report of the Commissioners
Appointed to Inquire into the State of Municipal Corporations in Scotland.
Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Majesty. Edinburgh:
Adam & Charles Black, 1835.
- Great Britain. Report of the Commissioners Appointed
by his Majesty's Warrant of the 29th of July 1823, for Inquiring into the
Forms of Process in the Courts of Law in Scotland and the Course of
Appeals from the Court of Session to the House of Lords. Together with an
Appendix in Pursuance of an Act of the Fourth Year of His Majesty's Reign,
c. 85. London, 1824.
- Great Britain. Report from Her Majesty's Commission
for Inquiring into the Administration and Practical Operation of Poor Laws
in Scotland. Edinburgh: Murray & Gibb, 1844.
- Report
of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Courts of Law in
Scotland: Together with Minutes of Evidence. Edinburgh: Murray & Gibb, 1869-1870.
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