: 
A Research Guide to the Turkmenistan Legal System
By Oleg & Maria
Stalbovsky
Oleg Stalbovsky holds an M.S. degree from the
Tomsk State University (Russia), the Faculty of Mechanics & Mathematics and
for a long time worked as information and computer technology specialist. Since
1998, he has been the Head of the Open Library for Legal Information, Tashkent,
Uzbekistan. Oleg Stalbovsky participated in the International Visitor Program
of the United States Department of State “Access to Information in the Public
Libraries”(June 21- July 11, 2004).
Maria Stalbovskayа has been a reference librarian at the
Open Library for Legal Information since 1997. She holds an M.S. degree from the
Tomsk State University (Russia), the Historical-Philological Faculty. Maria
Stalbovskayа attended training courses for law librarians granted by
Constitutional Legal Policy Institute in 1999 and 2002 (Budapest, Hungary), in
2001(Riga, Latvia) and 2000 (Moscow, Russia).
The authors of this article were involved in important projects in
the Republic of Uzbekistan: “The
Development of the Digital Library on Human Rights”, “Organizational and
Methodical Support for Regional Public Law Centers", "Legal
Information Support for Under Judicial Investigation People”, "Creating
the web-site of the Open Library for Legal Information" and also "The
Development of Electronic Legal Resources of the Open Library for Legal
Information".
Published June 2006
Read the Update!
Table of Contents
A hierarchy of Turkmenistan laws
Principle of the separation of
powers
Official print sources of
Turkmenistan law
Where to find laws, decrees, cases
Turkmenistan is unitary state in the southwest of Central Asia and the
Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and
Iran and Afghanistan in the south bound it. Turkmenistan covers approximately
488,000 square km and has a population of 4,952,000 in 2005. Ashkhabad
(Ashgabat) is its capital and largest city. The state language here is Turkmen.
The Turkmens make up over 77% of the population, who are largely Sunni Muslims;
the remainder is Uzbek (9%) and Russian (6%), as well as smaller groups of
Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Armenians.
Turkmenistan was once part of the ancient Persian Empire. The territory
was ruled by the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century. The Mongols of Ghenghis Khan conquered the land in the 13th century and
dominated the area for the next two centuries until they were deposed in the
late 15th century by invading Uzbeks.
In 1869, one part of Turkmenistan (the khanate of Khiva)
was made part of the Russian Empire and this country became known as the Transcaspia Region of Russian Turkistan.
Turkmenistan was later formed out of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet
Socialist Republic, founded in 1918, and was made an independent Turkmen Soviet
Socialist Republic (Turkmenia) on October 27, 1924.
Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty on October 26, 1991 and after the
collapse of the Soviet Union became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent
States, together with ten other former Soviet republics.
Turkmenistan consists of territorial-administrative units: regions
(velayat), districts (etrap), and certain cities
(equal to districts) in which national government organs form. It also consists
of towns, villages, and settlements in which local organs of self-government
are founded.
According to Article 1 of the Constitution Turkmenistan is a democratic
secular state operating under the rule of law whose government takes the form
of a presidential republic.
On December 21, 2005 it marked 20 years since Saparmurat
Niyazov headed the country and he is officially
called Turkmenbashi (Father of Turkmens
). On October 27, 1990 he
became the President of Turkmenistan. On 28 December 1999 the Constitution was
changed, at which time the Parliament of Turkmenistan approved an amendment
allowing the Saparmurad Nizayov
to be president-for-life.
Turkmenistan legal system is currently going through a transition from
the Soviet law. Due to the historical background the legal development is
influenced by the traditions of Islamic law, too.
Such an influence is particularly clear in relation to the new
principles of legal reform: in the republic ideological and political pluralism
is claimed, market economy is socially oriented.
Article 1 of the Constitution establishes the status of permanent
neutrality of Turkmenistan, citing the recognition of this status given by the
United Nations on 12 December 1995.
According to Article 3 of the Constitution, in Turkmenistan the
government and society place the highest value on the person. The government is
responsible to the citizen and ensures conditions for the free development of
the personality and protects life, honor, dignity, freedom, individual
inviolability, and the natural and inalienable rights of the citizen.
Turkmenistan is a civil law country. Its laws are hierarchically
organized with the Constitution of Turkmenistan at the top:
·
The Constitution of
Turkmenistan
·
Constitutional
laws
·
Codes
·
Ordinary laws
·
Decrees and acts
of President
·
Resolutions of
the Mejlis
·
Resolutions and
orders of the Cabinet of Ministers
·
Normative acts of
the organs of state power and government
·
Resolutions of
the governor (hyakim) of the region
·
Decisions of
local meetings (gengeshi)
The current Constitution of Turkmenistan
(TC) (Translation Eric W. Sievers and LEEP, 1997) was
approved on 18 May 1992. Since then there have been quite a few amendments
– in 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 – and no
authentic English language version with the latest amendments is available to
evaluate the impact of new changes in the constitution.
The present Constitution of Turkmenistan is the Supreme Law of the
state, and the norms and provisions secured in the Constitution have direct
effect. Laws and other legal acts which contradict the Constitution have no
legal force. The legal acts of governmental organs are published for general
notice or are popularized in some other manner, except for those acts which
contain state or other legally protected secrets. Legal acts which affect the
rights and freedoms of citizens and for which there is no general notice are
invalid from the moment of their adoption.
Next level in this hierarchy consists of Constitutional laws: which
either amend and modify Constitution or are anticipated by Constitution (those
on independence and fundamental principles of state organization, on permanent
neutrality of Turkmenistan, on exclusive power of First President of
Turkmenistan Saparmurat Turkmenbashi,
etc.). The Constitutional laws in Turkmenistan are following:
·
On independence
and fundamental principles of state organization of Turkmenistan (1991),
·
On Halk Maslahaty
·
On election of deputies
of the Mejlis (1994)
·
On permanent
neutrality of Turkmenistan ( 1995),
·
On exclusive
power of First President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Turkmenbashi (1999),
·
On introducing changes and
additions into the Constitution of Turkmenistan (2003 and 2005) (on
election of the President)
Currently, the legislation of Turkmenistan is being codified. Since the
collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of a fundamentally new
orientation to society, politics and economy, the government has been engaged
in the reform of law and system of jurisdiction in republic. In the first place,
the following codes were changed in Turkmenistan: Economy Procedural, Sanitary,
Customs, Air, Criminal and Civil Code. Some codes almost weren’t changed. So,
the republic now has the following codes (please, refer in general to http://www.cis-legal-reform.org/):
·
Saparmurat Turkmenbashi
Civil Code (enacted 1999)
·
Civil Procedure
Code (1964)
·
Criminal Code (1998)
·
Criminal
Procedure Code (1962)
·
Sanitary Code (1992,
Russian)
·
Tax Code (Russian)
·
Family Code (1969,
Russian)
·
Code of Arbitration Procedure
(2001) - former Economy Procedural Code
(1991)
·
Custom Code (1993,
Russian)
·
Water Code
·
Land Code (1990,
Russian)
·
Labor Code (1972,
Russian)
·
Air Code (1996)
·
Architecture Code
·
Correction Labor
Code (1971)
·
Wood Code (1993,
Russian)
·
Housing Code (Russian)
Next level consists of current laws, constitute bulk of legislation of
Turkmenistan. Under Soviet legal system, economic law was designated as branch
of legislation, which regulated economic activity of socialist enterprises.
Legal norms, creating economic laws were not codified in universal code. Many
men held view that economic relations regulated by state, civil, administrative
or other laws.
According to Article 9 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan property is
inviolable. Turkmenistan affirms the right to own private property such as the
means of production, land, and other material and intellectual items of value.
But the role of the state in the regulation of all economy processes is
very big. See the general list of ordinary laws regulating business activity and relative legal relationships:
·
On the Central Bank of Turkmenistan
·
On Certification of the Products and Services
·
On Commodity and Raw Material Exchange
of Turkmenistan
·
On Chamber of Commerce and Industry
·
On Commercial Banks and Bank
Activity
·
On Enterprises
·
On EC Partnership and Cooperation
Agreement
·
On foreign economic activities in Turkmenistan
·
On Foreign Concessions
·
On Foreign Economic Activities in
Turkmenistan
·
On Free Economic Zones
·
On licensing of some kinds of activity
·
On the Pledge
·
On Tax to Added Cost (Russian)
·
On Tax on Operation with Valuable Papers (
Russian)
·
On Tax to Profit (Russian)
·
On Tourism
·
On Value-added Tax
The lowest stage in legislative system are decrees and orders of
government branches and divisions, i.e. decrees and acts of President of
Turkmenistan; resolutions of the Mejlis; resolutions
of the Cabinet of Ministers; normative acts of the organs of state power and
government; resolutions of the governor (hyakim) of
the region; decisions of local meetings (gengeshi),
etc.
This provides the difference between representative and governmental
power in Turkmenistan. According
to article 45 of Constitution the highest representative organ of popular power
is the People's Council (Khalk Maslakhaty)
of Turkmenistan. But the highest governmental power is exercised by the
President, Parliament (Mejlis), the Supreme Court,
the Supreme Commercial Court, and the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan.
(Article 46)
Article 4 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan states that the government
is based on the principle of separation of powers into three branches:
·
Legislative
·
Executive
·
Judicial
Article 4 proclaims that all powers function independently, creating a
system of checks and balances.
Legislative power is exercised by:
·
The Mejlis of Turkmenistan
·
The Khalk Maslakhaty (the People's
Council)
The Mejilis
is a permanent legislative body, established by Article 62 of the TC. The
Parliament consists of the Chairman, Deputy Chairman, Presidium, Committees and
Commissions and 50 deputies, elected from territorial districts. Deputies of
the Parliament are elected for a term of five years and in accordance with the
TC (Article 2) they express the will of the people. They are the only authority
that, in all spheres, functions on behalf of the people.
Jointly with the Khalk Maslakhaty,
the Mejilis participates is the governance and policy
creation of the republic. Members of the Mejilis are
also members of the Khalk Maslakhaty
(see Article 45 of the TC). Parliament convenes in two sessions per year.
Legislative initiative in Parliament belongs to the President, the deputies of
the Mejilis, the Cabinet of Ministers and the Supreme
Court (Article 68 TC), as well as the Working groups and Parliamentary
Committees composed of the elected deputies, experts and representatives of
state and public bodies. All of these bodies and officials are permitted to
make proposals for the adoption of laws and for the drafting of new laws. As
established by Article 64, the Parliament may be dissolved by way of
referendum, by decree of Parliament adopted by 2/3 of the majority of the fixed
number of deputies (self- dissolution). Parliament may also be dissolved by
decision of the President in the case where it fails to form parliamentary
management bodies (commissions) within six months, or upon its expressing two
votes of no confidence in the Cabinet within an eighteen-month period.
Article 45 of the Constitution establishes the Khalk
Maslakhaty, as the highest representative organ of
popular power. This is a unique body, which is in fact composed of
representatives of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of
authority, as stipulated in Article 48 of the TC. More specifically, the Khalk Maslakhaty is composed of
50 directly elected members (the Khalk Vekillery - People's Representatives), 50 Mejlis deputies and a varying number of ex-officio members
including, the President, the deputies of Parliament, the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of the High Commercial Court, the Prosecutor
General, members of the Cabinet of Ministers, heads of regional administrations
and chiefs of municipal councils, towns and villages which are in the
administrative centers of their respective district. Together, they are
responsible for reviewing and deciding upon questions of amendments to the
Constitution, the adoption of a new Constitution, the conducting of referenda,
altering of state borders and administrative divisions, economic, social and
political policies of the state, ratification of treaties, war and peace, as
well as a series of other issues delegated by the Constitution and laws. In
accordance with Article 54, the People's Council is convened when necessary,
(however, not less frequently than once per year) by the President, Parliament
of by one-third of the established members of the Council. The ninth session,
held on 27-29 December 1999, has been written into history as one of the most
pivotal, as it is at this session that the President was granted the exclusive
right of holding office for an indefinite term and the death penalty was
abolished.
Within the jurisdiction of Parliament are:
1) adopting and amending the Constitution and laws, and
interpreting the Constitution and laws ;
2) scheduling elections for President, Parliament, and People's
Advisors;
3) forming a Central Election and Referendum Commission;
4) approving action plans of the Cabinet of Ministers and
expressing lack of confidence in the Cabinet of Ministers;
5)
approving or rejecting candidates for the offices of Chair of the Supreme
Court, Chair of the High Commercial Court, General Procurator, and, likewise,
petitions for their dismissal.
6) approving the budget of Turkmenistan and the report of its
utilization;
7) creating state awards, awarding the President with state
awards, and conferring upon the President honorary titles, military ranks, and
distinctions.
8) determining whether the normative acts of the organs of
state power and government are in accordance with the Constitution and laws ;
9) other issues ascribed to the powers of Parliament by the
Constitution and laws.
The Presidium of Parliament organizes the work of Parliament, and
considers issues ascribed to its jurisdiction by the Constitution and laws. The
Presidium is composed of the Chair and Assistant Chair of Parliament and the
chairs of committees and commissions.
The manner of work of Parliament, its organs, and deputies, as well as
those of its functions and powers not regulated by the Constitution, are
established by law.
Executive power in Turkmenistan is divided between:
·
the President,
·
the Cabinet of
Ministers,
·
ministries
·
local
self-government units
According to Article 75 of the Constitution, the highest level executive
authority is the Cabinet of Ministers chosen and headed by the President. The
Cabinet consists of the deputies of the Chairman of Ministries and the
ministries. The President has the discretion to nominate any of the leaders of
Central State executive bodies to the Cabinet. The President distributes the
duties of the Cabinet between the deputies constituting the Heads of the
Cabinet. The deputy Heads of the Cabinet are able to pass resolutions within
the scope of their mandate, which is outlined in Article 78 of the
Constitution. The Cabinet is responsible to the President. The members of the
Cabinet are at the same time members of the Khalk Maslakhaty, that is, the People's Council. The work of the
Cabinet is carried out in sessions held by the President or one of the deputy
Heads of Cabinet, in which matters of policy are discussed and debated. Based
on Article 77 of the TC, the Cabinet issues orders and passes resolutions which
have the status of obligatory implementation. The Cabinet is responsible for
the coordination and control of the activities of the ministries and other
central bodies of the State. Further, their role is to ensure that decrees and
acts of the President, as well as the resolutions and orders of the Cabinet are
implemented as required.
The legislative process is initiated by the any of the bodies listed in
the preceding paragraph. The power to adopt laws as enforceable belongs to
Parliament, by virtue of Article 67 (1) of the TC and the President, who issues
decrees having the force of law (Article 58 TC).
· enacts the Constitution and laws and ensures their
exact execution;
· manages the implementation of foreign policy,
representing Turkmenistan in relations with foreign governments, appoints and
recalls ambassadors and other diplomatic representatives of Turkmenistan in other
countries and in intergovernmental and international organizations, and accepts
the credentials and departures of the diplomatic representatives of foreign
governments;
· is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, issues orders of general or
partial mobilization or use of the Armed Forces subject to subsequent approval
of these actions by the People's Council, and appoints the highest commanders
of the Armed Forces.
· presents the People's Council with a yearly report
about the state of the country and provides information about the most
important questions of domestic and foreign policy;
· presents for review and approval to the Parliament the
governmental budget and a report on its utilization;
· signs laws and has the right, within two weeks, to return laws to Parliament
with her or his objections for additional discussion and vote. If two thirds of
Parliament votes to affirm its earlier decision, the President signs the law.
The President does not have the right to delay by veto laws on amendment and addition
to the Constitution;
· schedules referenda approved by the People's Council
and has the right to convene Parliament ahead of schedule;
· decides questions about the granting of Turkmenistan
citizenship and asylum;
· awards orders and other awards of Turkmenistan,
confers honorary, military, and other special state titles, ranks, and
distinctions;
· with Parliament's preparatory consent, appoints and
recalls the Chair of the Supreme Court, the Chair of the High Commercial Court,
and the General Procurator;
· grants pardons and amnesties;
· decides other issues ascribed to her or his jurisdiction by
the Constitution and laws.
The President issues decrees, resolutions, and orders, which have
mandatory force throughout Turkmenistan.
The President may not be a deputy of Parliament or receive other
financial compensation, with the exception of honoraria for the creation of
works of science, literature, or art.
The President has the right of immunity. The President may be
prematurely relieved of office if incapable of meeting her or his obligations
because of sickness. The People's Council, on the basis of the conclusion of an
independent medical commission formed under its auspices, decides to
prematurely relieve the President of office when not less than two-thirds of
the established members of the People's Council so vote. If President violates
the Constitution or laws, the People's Council may express its lack of
confidence in the President and put forward to a popular vote the question of
her or his removal. A question of lack of confidence is put forward for
consideration when not less than one-third of the established members of the
People's Council so desire. A decision of lack of confidence in the President
is made when not less than two-thirds of the established members of the
People's Council so vote.
The President may not transfer her or his executive powers to other
organs or officials, except for the powers enumerated in parts 2, 9, and 11 of
Article 57 of the Constitution, which may be transferred to the Chair of
Parliament. If the President, for some reason, is not capable of meeting her or
his obligations, until the election of a new President, her or his powers are
transferred to the Chair of Parliament. In such a situation, a presidential election
should be conducted no later than two months from the day of transfer of powers
to the Chair of Parliament. A person meeting the obligations of the President
may not be a candidate in the presidential election.
See more information on the President of Turkmenistan here or here.
The Cabinet of Ministers is an executive and management organ. The
President chairs the Cabinet of Ministers.
The Cabinet of Ministers is composed of assistants to the chair of the
Cabinet of Ministers and ministers. It is formed by the President within one
month after her or his assumption of office and relinquishes its powers to a
newly elected President.
The President manages a meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers, or this
function is delegated by him to one of the assistants to the chair of the
Cabinet of Ministers. The Cabinet of Ministers, within the bounds of its
jurisdiction, makes decisions and issues resolutions and orders which must be
executed.
The Cabinet of Ministers:
1)
organizes the execution of laws, Presidential acts, and decisions of the
People's Council;
2) takes measures to ensure and defend the rights and freedoms
of citizens, and to protect property, social order, and national security;
3)
develops and introduces in the People's Council proposals concerning the basic
directions of the government's domestic and foreign policy activity, and
programs for the economic and social development of the country;
4) implements governmental management of economic and social
development and ensures the rational use of and protection of natural
resources;
5) takes measures to strengthen the monetary and credit
systems;
6) in case of necessity, forms committees, bureaus, and other
agencies under the auspices of the Cabinet of Ministers.
7) effectuates foreign economic policy and ensures the
development of cultural connections with foreign governments;
8) manages the activities of governmental institutions and
state enterprises and organizations, and has the right to repeal the acts of
ministries and agencies;
9) meets other obligations ascribed by laws and other normative
acts to its jurisdiction.
The powers of the Cabinet of Ministers, the manner of its activity, and
its relationship with other governmental organs are determined by law.
Here are found links to some of the interesting sites on the World Wide
Web dealing with the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan:
·
Go here to get some
general information
·
Government Reports of Turkmenistan
·
Main State tax service of Turkmenistan
·
State Information Agency of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is divided into administrative units, which have been given
authority of self-government, these are the velayats
(large administrative regions encompassing etraps,
and specific cities), etraps (districts), shakhers (cities), obas
(villages) and gengeshys (main administrative units).
Local executive power is held: in a region by the governor (hyakim) of the region, in a town by the governor of the
town, in a district by the governor of the district, and by municipal councils.
Governors are the local representatives of the head of state, are
appointed to and withdrawn from office by the President, and are subordinate to
the President.
Governors manage the activities of governmental organs at the local
level, ensure adherence to the Constitution, laws, and acts of the President
and the Cabinet of Ministers. Without transgressing their authority, governors
adopt resolutions which must be adhered to in the areas subject to their
jurisdiction.
Chiefs ensure the execution of decisions of local meetings (gengeshi) and of acts of organs of state power and
government, exercise control over objects of municipal property, manage the
local budget, and also decide other questions of local significance.
The scope of the functions and power of governors and chief, the manner
of their work, and their interrelationships with other organs of power and
government are established by law.
The local meetings and organs of territorial civic self-government form
a system of local self-government. The local meetings are representative organs
of popular power on the territory of towns, villages, and settlements. They are
elected directly by citizens for a term of five years and are not
administratively subordinate to each other.
Within the jurisdiction of local meetings are:
1) determining the basic directions of economic, social, and
cultural development of their areas;
2) approving the local budget and the report of its
utilization;
3) establishing local taxes and tariffs and the manner of their
collection;
4) determining measures for the rational use of natural
resources and for nature protection;
5) other issues ascribed to the jurisdiction of local meetings
by law.
Without transgressing their authority, local meetings adopt decisions
which must be adhered to in their areas.
A local meeting elects a Chief from within its ranks who manages the
work of the local meeting and is subordinate to the local meeting.
Persons elected to local meeting meet their obligations without
compensation. The manner of activity of local meetings and other organs of
civic self-government are determined by law.
·
The Supreme Court
·
The High
Commercial Court
·
The Ashkhabad
City Court
·
Courts of velayats, etraps, shakhers, obas and gengeshys
·
Commercial courts
of velayats
·
Military courts
The judicial power in Turkmenistan belongs only to the courts. The
judicial power is intended to defend the rights and freedoms of citizens and
the legally protected interests of government and society.
The judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Court, the High
Commercial Court, and military and other courts anticipated by law in the form
of civil, commercial, administrative, and criminal legal proceedings. The
establishment of emergency courts and other structures endowed with the power
of a court is not allowed.
Judges are independent, are subordinate only to the law, and are
controlled only by their internal convictions. Intercession in the activity of
judges, no matter by what party, is not allowed and incurs legal liability. The
immunity of judges is guaranteed by law.
Judges of all courts are appointed by the President for terms of five
years. The manner of appointment and dismissal of judges is determined by law.
Until the expiration of her or his established term of office, a judge may be
dismissed from office without her or his consent only by decision of a court
and for a reason enumerated in the law.
Judges may not occupy any other paid position, except teaching and
research positions; while they are in office, judges may not be in any
political parties or social associations which pursue political goals.
Court cases are heard by a panel of judges, but in certain cases
enumerated by law, they are heard by individual judges.
In all courts, trials are open. Closed hearings for a case are only
allowed when anticipated by law and with adherence to all rules of legal
procedure.
The legal process is conducted in the state language. Persons
participating in a case who do not speak the language of the legal process are
ensured the rights to acquaint themselves with the materials of the case, to
participate in the legal proceedings through an interpreter, and to speak in
the court in their native language.
Justice is implemented on the basis of the adversarial nature and
equality of parties. Parties have the right to appeal the decisions, sentences,
and other judicial decisions of any of the courts of Turkmenistan.
The right to professional legal assistance is recognized at any stage of
the legal process. Lawyers and other persons and organization provide legal
assistance to citizens and organizations.
The jurisdictions, manner of formation, and activity of courts are
determined by law.
Turkmenistan has some official print issues for publication of laws and
order legislative and government enactment.
·
«Neitralnij Turkmenistan»
/-"Нейтральный
Туркменистан"
- Issues: daily, except Sundays; Language: Russian,
·
«Turkmenistanyň Prezidentiniň
Metbugat Зapary»
- a supplementary issue for «Neytralniy Turkmenistan»
that is published twice a month. Language: Turkmen
·
«Adalat»(Justice) - supported by the Law Enforcement Bodies
of Turkmenistan- issues: once a week; language: Turkmen;
·
«Vedomosti Mejlisa» (Periodical
Publication of all laws and resolutions issued by Turkmen parliament). Issues:
quarterly; Language: Turkmen/Russian
·
«Sobraniye Aktov Prezidenta» (Periodical Publication of all resolutions and
decrees issued by the President of Turkmenistan). Issues: Monthly; Language:
Turkmen/Russian
The Official Gazette Gazette and the main newspaper in the country are called "Neitralnij Turkmenistan" and "Turkmenistanyn
Prezidentinin Metbugat Зapary". There is also
«Vedomosti Mejlisa» where all
laws and resolutions issued by the Turkmen Parliament can be found and «Sobraniye Aktov Prezidenta» publishing all resolutions and decrees issued
by the President of Turkmenistan.
If you want to find a new
law, go to "Vedomosti Mejlisa"
and "Sobraniye Aktov Prezidenta", two legal journals of the country.
If you want to find a case
from a high court, it should be published in the following publications: "Adalat","Neitralnij Turkmenistan", and "Turkmenistanyn Prezidentinin Metbugat Зapary". It
should be also published by "Vedomosti Mejlisa" and "Sobraniye
Aktov Prezidenta".
The publishing house
specialized in legal books is The State enterprise "Turkmenistanmetbugat",
the only publishing house in Turkmenistan specialized in legal books.
General country information:
· Central Asian Studies
at the University of Washington
· Forum for Central Asian
Studies at Harvard University
· The Center for Post-Soviet Studies
· The Department of Central Eurasian
Studies at Indiana University
· Yahoo! Regional Countries
Turkmenistan
· Open Directory - Turkmenistan
· Turkmenistan REENIC Local
Navigator
Legal information
· Lexinfosys
- law reform in transition states
· “LEGISLATIONLINE - libraries without walls”
-free online OSCE countries legislation database
· Lexadin
- site with good links to Turkmenistan laws (English, Russian and German).
· World Legal Materials from Asia: Turkmenistan
- Cornell Legal Information Institute
· Library of Congress Guide:
Multinational Reference. Law Library
of Congress
· Natural Resources Legislation:
Turkmenistan -
University of Denver College of Law
· BISNIS (Business Information
Service for the NIS) - Trade Specialist for Turkmenistan
· World Law Index: Turkmenistan
- Australasian Legal Information Institute
· NationMaster
- consists of Turkmenistan governmental and legal information
· Central Asian Gateway
- A UNDP Development Portal on Central Asia
· Main State
tax service of Turkmenistan
– a big Turkmenistan legal site
· Turkmenistan: The Golden Age
– News, State, Politics, Economy, Society.