Kuwait Legal System and Research

Dr. Khedr is a faculty member and Adviser of Corporate Affairs. He holds an LLB, a BA in Police Science, an LLM in International Commerce, and a Highest Class PhD with Honors in Commercial Law, majoring in Corporate Law and Corporate Governance from Ain Shams University. He holds a Professional Education in Business Management, Corporate Restructuring, Mergers & Acquisitions from Harvard University, and a professional (TOT) in Corporate Governance from IFC World Bank Group. In addition, he completed professional courses and certifications relevant to Mediation, Compliance, AML/CFT, Development & Management, and Computer and Information Security. Dr. Khedr has more than twenty-five years of experience as a practitioner, Lecturer, and Adviser of Law and Corporate Affairs. His fields of interest are Commercial & Corporate Laws, International Commerce Law, Corporate Governance & Compliance Systems, M&A, Financial Crimes, Consumer Law, AML, Mediation, Commercial Contracts, Investor Relations, Regulations, Family Business Charter, Stock Market Corporate codes, Code of Conduct, and CSR. He has published research and books on these topics in periodicals and scientific journals. He has provided consulting in Corporate Affairs to many firms, and several multinational and local companies in MENA and the USA. Ahmed has experience in the MENA especially Egypt and the Gulf countries. The ABCCG (Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce & Industry) chose him to design the first “Corporate Governance Program for Lawyers & Corporate Advisory” in the UAE and the Arab Region. He presents his opinions as an independent Expert on Gulf laws upon the request of international arbitration bodies and courts in the USA and England.

Dr Khedr is the founding member and former program director of the Faculty of Law, Taibah University, the first law school in Saudi Arabia, and the former founding director of the Legal Training Center at the British University in Egypt(BUE). Ahmed is a member of the T20 (Association of Egyptian Alumni of Global Business Schools), supporting the Egyptian government in assessing existing projects and providing recommendations on investment and company Laws to the Prime Minister and Minister of Planning. He is a founding partner of KLCCA, one of the leading and fastest-growing MENA firms in Corporate Affairs. In addition, he is an Independent Board Member for many companies and non-profit institutions. Dr. Khedr is a member of ECGI, UIA, ALU, ESIL, ESPESL, SLS, IACL, HUMA, and HAAA.

1. Introduction and General History

1.1. Introduction

The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab emirate situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. Kuwait lays in the northwest of the Arabian Gulf, between latitudes 28.30 and 30.06 north, and longitudes 46.30 and 49.00 east. Its north-west borders are with Iraq, and its south and south-west borders are with Saudi Arabia. Its shores of the Arabian Gulf lie on the west. This special location provided Kuwait with a commercial importance. It is a natural outlet for northwestern part of the Arab Peninsula. The total area of Kuwait is 17,818 square Kilometers.

The official language of Kuwait is Arabic and Islam is the official religion of Kuwait. Freedom of religion is guaranteed to the adherents of other religions, provided that no prejudice may occur against Islam. The State of Kuwait is one of the Gulf Cooperation Council.

The Bani Utbah tribes were the first settlers in the region and laid the foundation of the emirate. By 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire and after the World War I; it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait’s large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s. After it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961, the nation’s oil industry saw unprecedented growth. In 1990, Kuwait was invaded and annexed by neighboring Iraq. The seven month-long Iraqi occupation ended after a direct military intervention by international community forces and United States-led forces. Kuwaiti oil wells were set ablaze by the retreating Iraqi army resulting in a major environmental and economic catastrophe. Kuwait’s infrastructure was badly damaged during the war and had to be rebuilt.

In mid-2014, Kuwait’s population was estimated at 3,767,415 persons, according to the Central Statistical Bureau. At that time, Kuwaitis represented roughly one-third of the population, while the majority consisted of non-Kuwaitis and foreign residents.

By early 2025, Kuwait’s total population had risen to 4,881,254 persons. Of this figure, 1,566,168 were Kuwaiti citizens (about 32.1%), while 3,315,086 were non-Kuwaitis (about 67.9%). The gender distribution indicated that males made up approximately 61% of the population, compared with 39% females.

By mid-2025, the population surpassed five million, reaching 5,098,539 persons. Kuwaiti nationals accounted for 1,550,547 citizens, which represented around 30.4% of the total, confirming the consistent demographic pattern of a majority expatriate population.

Administrative divisions: the State of Kuwait is divided into many districts around the capital, Farwaniya, Al-Ahmadi, Mubarak Al-Kabir and Jahra, Hawali. There are nine islands off the coast of Kuwait: Failaka, Bubiyan, Miskan, Warba, Auhha, Umm Al-Maradim, Umm Al-Naml, Kubbar and Qaruh. The official currency of Kuwait is Kuwaiti Dinar.

The major cities are the capital Kuwait City and Jahrah. The main residential and commercial areas are Salmiya and Hawalli. The main industrial area is Shuwaikh within the Al Asimah Governorate. The main palace is the As-Seef Palace in the old part of Kuwait City where the Emir runs the daily matters of the country and the government headquarters are in the Bayan Palace and the Emir lives in Dar Salwa.

Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government, with Kuwait City serving as the country’s political and economic capital. Kuwait is one of the world countries with the largest oil reserves and is one of the richest countries in the world per capita.

Looking ahead, specific projections for Kuwait’s fiscal breakeven oil prices in 2025 and 2026 are not readily available. However, broader economic analyses provide some context:

• Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
• World Bank expects
• JP Morgan expects

1.2. History of Kuwait

1.2.1. Ancient History

In the 4th century BC, the ancient Macedonians colonized an island on Kuwait’s coast, now known as Failaka, and named it “Ikaros.” Earliest recorded history of the State of Kuwait goes back to the year 1613. Tribes from central Arabia settled in Kuwait in the 17th-century after experiencing a massive drought in their native land. Kuwait would later emerge as a major center for the spice trade between India and Europe. By late 18th-century, most of the local people made a living selling pearls.

In 1756, the people elected Sabah I bin Jaber as the first emir of Kuwait. The current ruling family of Kuwait, al-Sabah, are descendants of Sabah I. During the rule of the Al-Sabah, Kuwait progressively became a center of trade and commerce. It served as a hub of trade between India, the horn of Africa, the Nejd, Mesopotamia and the Levant. Up until the advent of Japanese pearl farming, Kuwait had one of the largest sea fleets in the Gulf region and a flourishing pearling industry. Trade consisted mainly of pearls, wood, spices, dates and horses.

1.2.2. Modern History and Gulf War

As the influence of the Ottoman Empire increased in the region, Kuwait was assigned the status of a kaza of the Ottomans. After the signing of the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, the then-Amir of Kuwait, Mubarak Al-Sabah, was diplomatically recognized by both the Ottomans and British as the ruler of the autonomous caza of the city of Kuwait and the hinterlands. The 1922 Treaty of Uqair set Kuwait’s border with Saudi Arabia and established the Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone, an area of about 5,180 km adjoining Kuwait’s southern border.

Oil was first discovered in Kuwait in the 1930s and the government became more proactive in establishing internationally recognized boundaries. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire was financially crippled and the invading British Indian Army invalidated the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, declaring Kuwait to be an “independent sheikdom under British protectorate.”

On 19 June 1961, Kuwait became fully independent following an exchange of notes between the United Kingdom and the then Amir of Kuwait, Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah. The Gulf rupee, issued by the Reserve Bank of India, was replaced by the Kuwaiti dinar. The discovery of large oil fields, such as the Burgan field, triggered a large influx of foreign investments into Kuwait. The massive growth of the petroleum industry transformed Kuwait into one of the richest countries in the Arabian Peninsula and by 1952; the country became the largest exporter of oil in the Gulf region. This massive growth attracted many foreign workers, especially from Egypt and India.

Kuwait settled its boundary disputes with Saudi Arabia and agreed on sharing equally the neutral zone’s petroleum reserves, onshore and offshore. After a brief stand-off over boundary issues, Iraq formally recognized Kuwait’s independence and its borders in October 1963. During the 1970s, the Kuwaiti government nationalized the Kuwait Oil companies, ending its partnership with Gulf Oil and British Petroleum.

In 1982, Kuwait experienced a major economic crisis after the Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash and the following decrease in oil price. However, the crisis was short-lived as Kuwait’s oil production increased steadily to fill the gap caused by decrease in Iraq’s and Iran’s oil production levels following the events of the Iran–Iraq War. In 1983, a series of bomb explosions took place in Kuwait killing some people. The attack was carried out by Shiite Dawa Party as retaliation against Kuwait’s financial support to Iraq during its war with Iran. Kuwait had heavily funded Iraq’s eight year-long war with Iran. After the war ended, Kuwait declined an Iraqi request to forgive its US$65 billion debt. An economic warfare between the two countries followed after Kuwait increased its oil production by forty percent. Tensions between the two countries increased further after Iraq alleged that Kuwait was slant drilling oil from its share of the Rumaila field.

On 2 August, 1990 Iraqi forces invaded and annexed Kuwait. Saddam Hussein, then President of Iraq, deposed the emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Sabah, and installed Ali Hassan al-Majid as the new governor of Kuwait. After a series of failed diplomatic negotiations, the United States-led coalition of thirty-four nations fought the Gulf War to remove the Iraqi forces from Kuwait. On February 26, 1991, the coalition succeeded in driving out the Iraqi forces and restoring the Kuwaiti emir to power.

During their retreat, the Iraqi armed forces carried out a scorched earth policy by damaging many oil wells in Kuwait, which were set on fire. Oil and soot accumulation had affected the entire Gulf region. The fires took more than nine months to extinguish, and it took Kuwait more than two years and about US $50 billion in infrastructure reconstruction to reach pre-invasion oil output. Kuwait has since largely recovered from the socio-economic, environmental, and public health effects of the Gulf War.

2. Kuwait Regime

Kuwait is an independent country with a constitution. It has a democratic Amiri regime. His Highness, the Amir of the State is the ruler of the country. The Kuwait National Assembly must enact country laws. People choose the assembly members every four years through free and fair elections. Authorities in Kuwait are divided into legislative, executive and judiciary and the Amir is the head of the authorities. Pursuant to the Kuwait Constitution, no parties might be formed despite the existence of parliamentary blocs. Kuwait’s system of government is monarchical and constitutional. It derives its legitimacy from the Kuwait Constitution. Hence, the authority is transferred between the members of the ruling family; the family of Mubarak Al-Sabah. The title of Kuwait ruler is Amir, and he rules through the cabinet. Decrees are not executed unless approved by the Amir. Only the Amir can issue pardons. Kuwait government system is both parliamentary and presidential, as no laws enacted by Kuwait National Assembly are valid until signed by the Amir within one month. After the month, if they are not signed, they are in force same as being signed. If laws and legislation are returned to the Assembly, then approved, they become in force without the Amir’s signature.

3. The Kuwait Legal System

Shari’a (Islamic law) is the main source of legislations. The Articles (1:3) of the permanent Constitution of the state of Kuwait state that “Kuwait is an Arab State, independent and fully sovereign. Neither its sovereignty nor any part of its territory may be relinquished. The people of Kuwait are a part of the Arab Nation. Its religion is Islam and Shari’a law (Islamic Religious Law) is main source of its legislations. Its political system is democratic. The Arabic language shall be its official language.” The legal system of Kuwait is an amalgam of British common law, French civil law, Islamic legal principles, and Egyptian law.

3.1. The Basic System

Constitutional Background: Kuwait’s 1962 Constitution draws on both Western and Arab models. However, women do not have a right to vote, and the freedom of association does not include the foundation of political parties. Constitutional guarantees have been frequently suspended by Amiri decree. However, after the 1990 invasion of Iraqi forces, the 1991 ‘Operation Desert Storm’ reinstated the Kuwaiti government of the al-Sabah family.

Kuwait’s Constitution combines the positive aspects of both presidential and parliamentary forms of government. It is based on principles of democracy –on the sovereignty of the nation and freedom of the citizen and on equality of all citizens in the eyes of the law.

The concept of universal suffrage requires the right to vote to be granted to all its residents. Voting is an important part of the formal democratic process. The Kuwait General Election Law was amended to include female citizens to vote and run in parliamentary elections. The Kuwaiti National Assembly approved on 05/16/2005 a historic law granting women the right to vote and run in elections for the first time in an Arab Gulf country.

There was also an important amendment to prevent a citizen from voting for more than one candidate (before the last amendment, the citizen can select more than one candidate in the same constituency) in 2013.

Kuwait is a fully independent Arab State with a democratic style of government, where sovereignty rests with the nation, which is the source of power.” As prescribed by the constitution, the system of government is based on the separation of powers, although co-operation is required by the Constitution. The legislative authority is vested in the Amir and the national Assembly, while executive power is vested exclusively in the Amir and his Cabinet and Ministers.

3.1.1. Issuance and Amendment of the Constitution

The constitution of Kuwait was laid down by a constituent assembly of twenty members elected by people. 11 ministers were added to them from outside the assembly. These ministers refrained from voting on the constitution articles while being passed in the constituent assembly as they wished for the elected members alone to do so. Preparation and discussion of the articles of constitution took almost six months. On 11/1/1962, the will of Kuwait’s Amir, the deceased Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem Al-Sabah, corresponded with that of people’s representatives and ratified the draft constitution as the representatives drew it without any amendment to its articles. The constitution came into force on 29/1/1963 when the first Kuwaiti National Assembly convened.

The Kuwaiti Constitution, comprising 183 articles is divided into five parts:

• The state and the system of government
• Fundamental constituents of the Kuwaiti society
• Public rights and duties
• Powers
• General and transitional provisions

By Article 174 of Permanent Constitution, The Amir or one-third of the members of the National Assembly have the right to propose a revision of the Constitution by amending or deleting one or more of its provisions or by adding new provisions. If the Amir and the majority of the members constituting the National Assembly approve the principle of revision and its subject matter, the Assembly debates the bill article by article. The amendment shall be passed by a two-third majority of the Members of the Council. The revision comes into force only after being sanctioned and promulgated by the Amir regardless of the provisions of Articles 65 and 66. If, on the other hand, the proposal for amendment is rejected in principle or in subject, it may not be re-introduced before the lapse of one year from the date of its rejection. The amendment to this Constitution cannot be proposed before the lapse of five years from its coming into force.

The Article 175 of the Constitution makes clear that the provisions relating to the Amiri System in Kuwait and the principles of liberty and equality, provided for in this Constitution, may not be proposed for revision except in relation to the title of the Amirate or to increase the guarantees of liberty and equality.

The Article 176 of Permanent Constitution adds that the powers of the Amir set forth in this Constitution may not be subject to an application for amendment during the term of his deputation.

Furthermore, by Article 181, no provision of this Constitution may be suspended save where martial law is in force and only within the limits specified by the law. However, during such a period, the meetings of the National Assembly may not be suspended, nor shall the immunity of its Members be violated.

Parliamentary life in Kuwait was halted due to the emergence of several constitutional crises.

In 1976, the Emir of the country (at that time) Sheikh Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah (may God have mercy on him) issued an Amiri decree to dissolve the National Assembly on August 29, 1976 and suspend four articles of the Constitution, including Article (107), which stipulates that if the Assembly is dissolved, elections for the new Assembly must be held within a period not exceeding two months from the date of dissolution. If elections are not held during that period, the dissolved Assembly regains its full constitutional authority and meets immediately as if the dissolution had not occurred, and it continues to carry out its work until a new Assembly is elected.

The Amiri decree explained that the dissolution of the Assembly was due to the loss of cooperation between the government and the Assembly, the Assembly’s unjustified attacks on government officials, and the harm to relations with some Arab countries due to the Assembly’s criticism of their policies and the conditions witnessed in the region, which affects the stability of Kuwait.

This was followed by the establishment of a committee to consider amending the Constitution. After completing its work, the committee proposed amending Article Two of the Constitution to become “The religion of the state is Islam, and Islamic Sharia is the source of legislation.” It also proposed increasing the number of members of the National Assembly to sixty instead of fifty.

This suspension continued for more than four and a half years (August 1976 to March 1981), during which the country witnessed great popular opposition that led the government to back down from the idea of ​​amending the Constitution and ending the state of suspension of parliamentary life. The Emir of the country (at that time) Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (may God have mercy on him) issued a decree on August 24, 1980, calling for the National Assembly to convene within a period not exceeding February 1981. This was followed by the issuance of Amiri Decree No. (99) of 1980 on December 16, 1980, which stipulated the re-division of electoral districts to become twenty-five districts instead of only ten districts, so that each district would have two representatives. The elections were held in February 1981.

In July 1986, the Emir of the country (at that time) Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (may God have mercy on him) issued an Amiri decree to dissolve the National Assembly and suspend some provisions of the Constitution. This was the result of the outbreak of conflict between the government and the Council over power in the country, which led to a crisis in the relationship between them as the Council demanded to discuss sensitive issues related to public funds and demanded the withdrawal of confidence from four ministers in the government. This was also attributed to preserving national unity; as blocs and parties emerged that were likely to tear apart national unity considering critical regional circumstances represented by the Iran-Iraq war, which was a source of political and security threats to the State of Kuwait. This was followed by the emergence of social pressures and widespread popular protests demanding constitutional reforms and the return of parliamentary life. This led to the Emir of the country announcing in April 1990 the formation of the “National Council” to replace the National Assembly. It was a council that included fifty elected members in addition to twenty-five appointed members. This council would have advisory powers and no legislative powers. Then the invasion of Kuwait came to completely change the reality of the situation in Kuwait.

Then, parliamentary life returned in 1992 AD; where voters were called to elect members of the council in October 1992, in an effort by the Kuwaiti government to respond to its critics and confirm the democratic approach it is adopting in managing the country.

In May 1999, the Amiri Decree was issued to dissolve the council. This was a result of the crisis in the relationship between the legislative and executive authorities. The council was reconstructed on July 17, 1999 AD, which completed its constitutional term, which ended on June 30, 2003, AD.

On May 21, 2006, the Amiri Decree was issued due to the clash between the Council and the government regarding the issue of reducing the number of electoral districts and submitting an interpellation to the Prime Minister regarding it. In March 2009, the Council was dissolved constitutionally due to the lack of cooperation between the Council and the government. In December 2011, the 2009 Council was dissolved due to the scandal of some MPs receiving bribes, and due to the large number of interpellations directed to the Prime Minister and the ministers, as well as due to the storming of the National Assembly. The last of which was in June 2012, when the Constitutional Court ruled the invalidity of the 2012 Council and the reinstatement of the 2009 Council, which was dissolved in December 2011.

Kuwaiti women entering the National Assembly:

Kuwaiti women could not enter the National Assembly until 2009. Four women were able to win parliamentary seats in the 2009 National Assembly elections, representing three electoral districts: the first, second and third.

In this context, some political analysts believe that the 2009 Assembly drew a roadmap and set a new vision for the role of Kuwaiti women, not only in parliamentary work, but also in the political, social, and economic lives of Kuwaitis. This is because Kuwaiti women–although they have held positions in public administration and occupied influential positions such as ministers, university presidents, ambassadors, and undersecretaries–took their place in the 2009 Assembly through direct free elections and ballot boxes, not through the appointment system.

2012 Kuwaiti National Assembly Elections:

On December 1, 2012, a month after celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the proclamation of its Constitution, the State of Kuwait held its parliamentary elections for the second time in ten months. Kuwaiti voters cast their votes to elect members of the Kuwaiti National Assembly five times over the past six and a half years, which convened before the end of its term.

Moreover, Kuwait witnessed during the same period the change of three emirs, three prime ministers, three foreign ministers, ten ministerial formations, and two electoral laws. The crux of the problem lies in the opposition’s desire for members of the government to be appointed by the majority in the National Assembly so that Kuwait becomes a constitutional monarchy, which raises many fears of Islamist dominance of this system and the subsequent change.

For more about governments throughout Kuwait’s history, see Parliamentary life in the State of Kuwait, Economic reforms weigh on Kuwait’s parliamentary election, Explainer: Everything you need to know about the 2020 Kuwaiti parliamentary elections, Kuwait reinstates old parliament after annulling 2022 vote, and

Kuwait’s Political Crisis – Carnegie Endowment.

3.1.2. The Values of Justice and Issuance of Laws

There are several articles in Kuwait’s Constitution that confirm the value of justice. For example, Article 7 of the Constitution puts Justice, Liberty, and Equality as the pillars of society’s operation and mutual help is considered to be the firmest bond between citizens. Article 29 clearly states that all persons are equal in human dignity and in public rights and duties before the law and there shall be no discrimination whatsoever on grounds of sex, race, language, or religion.

The Constitution also confirms the established principles of law in Article 34, which tells that an accused person is presumed innocent until proved guilty in a legal trial at which the necessary guarantees for the exercise of the right of defense are secured. And Article 32 adds that no crime and no penalty may be established except by virtue of law, and no penalty may be imposed except for offences committed after the relevant law has come into force. Also, Article 162 adds that justice and impartiality of judges are the foundation of the state, and a guarantee of rights and freedoms. This is taken care of in the Constitution in the third part in many articles such as Articles 27, 28, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, and 44.

It is worth noting that the Kuwaiti Constitution clearly protects the rights and freedoms of individuals, as it guarantees the freedom of opinion and expression, the sanctity of homes, and the right to education and health care. It also regulates the relationship between the state and citizens based on ensuring everyone’s commitment to the law, while the state provides guarantees that achieve the well-being and stability of society. The legal system in Kuwait is not just a regulatory framework, but rather a model that reflects a comprehensive vision that achieves a balance between authenticity and modernity. This unique approach ensures the stability of the state and the justice of its laws, and places Kuwait in a distinguished position as a state that respects the rights of individuals and works to achieve sustainable development while preserving its established values.

3.1.2.1. Issuing Laws

The second Article of the permanent Constitution of the state of Kuwait points out that Shari’a law (Islamic Religious Law) shall be a main source of its legislations. Article 6 adds that its political system is democratic. Article 65 of permanent Constitution clearly states that The Amir shall have the right to initiate, sanction and promulgate laws. Promulgation of laws shall take place within thirty days from the date of their submission by the National Assembly to the Amir. This period shall be reduced to seven days in case of urgency. Such urgency shall be decided upon by a majority vote of the members constituting the National Assembly. If the period of promulgation expires without the Head of State demanding reconsideration, the bill shall be considered as having been sanctioned and shall be promulgated. Article 79 adds that the promulgated law must be passed by the National Assembly and sanctioned by the Amir. In exceptional circumstances requiring urgent measures and when the National Assembly is not in session, the Amir may issue decrees with force of law, in accordance with Article 71 of the Constitution.

Such decree-laws shall be submitted to the Parliament at its first meeting; and the Council may discuss them within a maximum period of five to ten days from the date of submission; such decree-laws shall cease to have the power of law from the date of their rejection by the Parliament or where the period for effecting the amendments have expired.

The Official Gazette : Article 178 of the Constitution settles that Laws are published in the Official Gazette within two weeks of their promulgation and come into force one month after their publication. The latter period may be extended or reduced for any law by a special provision included in it. The Kuwait Gazette (Kuwait Al Youm) is published by the Ministry of Information every Sunday.

Different legislations are issued in many different areas as The Kuwaiti Constitution of 1962 provides for an independent judiciary, and Law No. 19 of 1959 (amended in Law No. 19 of 1990) regulates the organization and functioning of the judiciary. The major legal codifications include the Civil Code, contained in Decree Law No. 67 of 1980; the Code of Civil Procedure, contained in Law No. 38 of 1980 (amended in Law No. 47 of 1994); the Commercial Code, contained in the Law of Commerce No. 68 of 1980 (amended by Law No. 45 of 1989); the Penal Code, contained in Law No. 16 of 1960; and the Code of Criminal Procedure, contained in Law No. 17 of 1960.

There are new changes occuring in legislative areas that help improve different sectors in Kuwait:

• Economic and Investment Laws: Kuwait is actively seeking to diversify its economy. Expect updates related to foreign investment, business regulations, free zones, and incentives for new industries, like changing to company law, foreign ownership rules, or regulations governing specific sectors.
• Labor and Employment Law: The labor market is a frequent area of legislative focus, with updates concerning both Kuwaiti nationals and expatriate workers like the minimum wage adjustments, changes to working hours or leave entitlements, or regulations concerning recruitment and employment conditions.
• Residency and Immigration: Kuwait periodically revises its laws governing residency permits, visas, and related matters, like the changes to visa requirements, stricter penalties for overstaying, or updates to the process for obtaining residency.
• Commercial Law: To facilitate trade and business, commercial laws are regularly amended, like the Updates to company law, regulations on e-commerce, intellectual property rights, or competition law.
• Financial Regulations: Kuwait’s financial sector is subject to ongoing updates to keep pace with global standards and economic conditions, like the changes to banking regulations, capital market laws, or regulations related to financial technology.

The most important legislative developments in the Kuwaiti system:

• Law No. 85 of 2013 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism.
• Law No. 91 of 2013 on Combating Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants.
• Law No. 92 of 2013 Approving the Arab Convention for Combating Corruption.
• Law No. 93 of 2013 Approving the Arab Convention for Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism.
• Law No. 94 of 2013 Approving the Arab Convention for Combating Transnational Organized Crime.
• Law No. 106 of 2013 on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism.
• Law No. 20 of 2014 Issuing the Electronic Transactions Law.
• Law No. 37 of 2014 Establishing the Communications and Information Technology Regulatory Authority.
• Law No. 42 of 2014 Issuing the Environmental Protection Law.
• Law No. 12 of 2015 Issuing the Family Court Law.
• Law No. 21 of 2015 Issuing the Child Rights Law.
• Law No. 63 of 2015 issuing the Law on Combating Information Technology Crimes.
• Law No. 111 of 2015 issuing the Juvenile Law.
• Law No. 1 of 2016 issuing the Companies Law.
• Law No. 2 of 2016 regarding the establishment of the Public Authority for Combating Corruption and the provisions related to the disclosure of financial assets.
• Law No. 8 of 2016 regulating electronic media.
• Law No. 9 of 2019 on the regulation of the exchange of credit information.
• Law No. 10 of 2019 amending some provisions of the Social Insurance Law.
• Law No. 9 of 2020 amending some provisions of Decree-Law No. 38 of 1980 issuing the Civil and Commercial Procedures Law.
• Law No. 10 of 2020 on documentation.
• Law No. 1 of 2024: Empowering Foreign Business Operations. The enactment of Law No. 1 of 2024: Revolutionizing Business in Kuwait

Following the Implementation of a 15% Minimum Tax on Multinational Enterprises Effective January 2025, Kuwait will impose a 15% minimum top-up tax on multinational enterprises operating within the country. This measure aligns with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Two-Pillar Solution, ensuring that large multinational companies pay a minimum effective tax rate of 15% on profits in each country where they operate. The initiative reflects Kuwait’s efforts to diversify its income sources and parallels similar tax implementations by neighboring Gulf countries.

Laws and amendments related to citizens’ and expatriates’ lives

• Housing Legislation to Reduce Waiting Periods
  • In November 2023, the National Assembly unanimously passed two laws designed to expedite the process for Kuwaiti citizens to obtain housing. The first law regulates the power of attorney in real estate, aiming to release unsold houses held under power of attorney for extended periods. The second law imposes annual fees on land allocated for housing purposes but left unused. These measures seek to decrease the current waiting period for housing, which exceeds fifteen years, and to make housing more affordable for citizens.
• Amendments to the Handicapped Welfare Law: The National Assembly also approved key amendments to the law providing welfare to handicapped Kuwaitis. The revisions include adding two new categories of non-Kuwaitis eligible for benefits:
  • Non-Kuwaiti children of Kuwaiti mothers.
  • Non-Kuwaiti relatives (up to second-degree) under the care of Kuwaiti citizens.
  • These changes aim to enhance support for individuals with disabilities within the Kuwaiti community.
• Proposed Amendments to the Residency Law
  • In December 2023, the National Assembly’s Interior and Defense Committee approved significant amendments to the residency law for foreigners. Key proposals include:
    • Imposing a one-year jail term and fines up to KD 2,000 for visitors who overstay their visas.
    • Increasing daily fines for residency violators from KD 2 to KD 4 after the first month.
    • Introducing long-term residencies (ten to fifteen years) for foreign investors, property owners, and certain categories of expatriates.
  • These amendments aim to regulate residency more effectively and attract foreign investment.

3.1.2.2. Conclusion of Treaties and Agreements

Article 70 of the permanent constitution gives to the Amir the power to conclude treaties and agreements by a decree and refer them to National Assembly accompanied by appropriate explanatory notes. The treaty or agreement shall have the power of law after ratification and publication in the official Gazette; however, treaties of peace and alliance; treaties concerning the territory of the State, its natural resources or sovereign rights, or public or private rights of citizens; treaties of commerce, navigation, and residence; and treaties entailing additional expenditure not provided for in the budget, or involving amendment of the laws of Kuwait shall come into force when the same are issued as a law. Under no circumstance may a treaty include secret conditions contradicting its publicized conditions.

3.2. The Governance

Kuwait is an independent country with a constitution. It has a democratic amiri regime. His Highness, the Amir of the State is the ruler of the country. Kuwait National Assembly must enact country laws. The number of the assembly members is fifty, chosen by people every four years through free and fair elections. Authorities in Kuwait are divided into legislative, executive and judiciary and the Amir is the head of the authorities. Pursuant to Kuwait Constitution, no parties might be formed despite the existence of parliamentary blocs. Kuwait’s system of government is monarchical and constitutional. It derives its legitimacy from Kuwait Constitution. Hence, the authority is transferred between the members of the ruling family; the family of Mubarak Al-Sabah. The title of Kuwait’s ruler is Amir and he rules through the cabinet. Decrees are not executed unless approved by the Amir. Only the Amir can issue pardons. Kuwait’s government system is both parliamentary and presidential as all laws enacted by Kuwait National Assembly are not valid until signed by the Amir within one month. After the month, if they are not signed, they are in force the same as being signed. If laws and legislation are returned to the Assembly then approved, they come in force without the Amir’s signature.

3.2.1. The H.H. Amir

The Constitution of Kuwait defines the Amir as the “Head of the State” with his official title as “His Highness the Amir of the State of Kuwait.” It also says that “the Amir will assume his authorities through his ministers, and his person shall be immune and inviolable. The Prime Minister and ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Amir for the general policy of the state. A law will not be issued until it is approved by the National Assembly and signed by the Amir.” As Head of State, the Amir has the right to appoint the Prime Minister and relieve him of office. He also appoints and dismisses ministers on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Amir is also the Supreme Commander of the defense forces of Kuwait.

Article 4 of the permanent constitution of the state of Kuwait makes clear that the rule of the State is hereditary in the line of the descendants of the late Mubarak al-Sabah. The Heir Apparent shall be designated within one year, at the latest, from the date of accession of the Amir. The Amir’s designation shall be affected by an Amiri Order upon the nomination of the Amir and the approval of the National Assembly, which shall be signified by a majority vote of its members in a special sitting. In case no designation is achieved in accordance (Article 4) with the foregoing procedure the Amir shall nominate at least three of the descendants of the late Mubarak al-Sabah of whom the National Assembly shall pledge allegiance to one as Heir Apparent and The Heir Apparent shall have attained his majority, be of sound mind, and a legitimate son of Muslim parents. Article 60 adds that the Amir, before assuming his powers shall take the following oath at a special sitting of the National Assembly: “I swear by Almighty God to respect the Constitution and the laws of the State, to defend the liberties, interests, and properties of the people, and to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of the Country.”

The present Amir of Kuwait is HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, fourth son of the late Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah.

3.2.2. Crown Prince

The Crown Prince is the Heir Apparent to the Amir of the State of Kuwait. According to the Constitution of the State of Kuwait, “The Heir Apparent shall be designated within one year at the latest from the date of the accession of the Amir. His designation shall be affected by an Amiri Order upon the nomination of the Amir and the approval of the National Assembly, which shall be approved by a majority vote of its members in a special sitting.” When an Amir dies, the Crown Prince automatically becomes the new Amir who takes oath in front of National Assembly.

Kuwait’s current Crown Prince is HH Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. He is the brother of HH the Amir Sheikh Sabah.

Under the Constitution the National Assembly has a limited role in approving the Amir’s choice of Crown Prince. If the National Assembly rejects his nominee, the Amir then submits three names, from which the assembly must choose the new Crown Prince. The Amir traditionally has appointed the Crown Prince to be Prime Minister, although this is not mandatory; the Crown Prince appoints the members of the Government.

3.2.3. Deputy Amir

The Article 61 of the Constitution tells that “in the event of his absence outside the Country and the inability of the Heir Apparent to act as Deputy for him, the Amir shall appoint, by an Amiri Order, a Deputy who shall exercise his powers during his absence.” The said Amiri Order may include a specified arrangement for the exercise of the said powers on behalf of the Amir, or a limitation of their scope.

Article 62 adds that The Deputy Amir has to satisfy the qualifications laid down in Article 82 which are: “be a Kuwaiti by origin in accordance with law; be qualified as an elector in accordance with the electoral law; be not less than thirty calendar years of age on the day of election; and be able to read and write Arabic well.” And if he is a Minister or a member of the National Assembly, he may not take part in the ministerial functions or in the work of the Assembly during the period he is acting as Deputy for the Amir.

Article 63 settles that the Deputy Amir, before assuming his powers, shall take the oath mentioned in Article 60 with the following phrase added thereto: “…and be loyal to the Amir.” And in case the National Assembly is not in session, the Oath shall be taken before the Amir.

Article 64 shows the incompatibilities of the Deputy Amir by saying that the provisions of Article 131 apply to the Deputy Amir.

4. The Authorities of the State

Article 6 of the Constitution points out that sovereignty resides in the people who are the source of power, and Sovereignty shall be exercised in the manner specified in this Constitution. And Article 50 adds that the system of Government is based on the principle of the separation of powers functioning in co-operation with each other in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and none of these powers may relinquish all or part of its competence specified in this constitution.

In accordance with the provisions 51:53 of Kuwait Constitution, there are three authorities in the State of Kuwait: The Legislative Authority, the Executive Authority, and the Judicial Authority.

4.1. The Executive Authority

In accordance with the provisions of the Article 52 of the Constitution, the Executive Authority shall be vested in the Amir, the Cabinet, and the Ministers as specified in this Constitution.

4.1.1. The Amir

The Articles 54:56 of the Constitution make clear that the Amir is the Head of the State. His person shall be inviolable and immune. The Amir exercises his powers through his Ministers. The Amir, after the traditional consultations, appoints the Prime Minister and relieves him of office. The Amir also appoints Ministers and relieves them of office upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

4.1.1.1. Functions of the Amir

The Amir has the final say in defense matters, laws and bills. No law can be passed without his consent. It is His Highness, who appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister and his cabinet ministers. The Kuwait Amir represents Kuwait in the Arab League and heads the office of the Head of Kuwaiti delegations in the United Nations. Article 60 of the constitution states that the Amir shall take the oath prior to the discharge of his functions in a special session convened by National Assembly.

In addition to its executive powers, the Constitution grants the Cabinet the authority to declare a defensive war, proclaim martial law, issue law decrees when the National Assembly is not in session or after its legislative term has expired, grant pardons, and issue executive and administrative regulations in accordance with (Article 65:69) of Kuwaiti Constitution.

4.1.2. The Cabinet

Executive power in Kuwait is vested in the Cabinet or the Council of Ministers. It is headed by the Prime Minister, a position held traditionally by the Crown Prince. The Prime Minister is appointed through an Amiri Decree. The ministers of the Cabinet are appointed by the Amir on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

According to the (Article 56) of Kuwaiti constitution, the number of ministers in a Cabinet must not exceed one-third the strength of the National Assembly. This number does not include the Head of the National Guard, the Amiri Diwan Affairs Minister, the Amir’s Advisor and the Chairman of the Audit Bureau.

4.1.2.1. Functions of the Cabinet

The Cabinet controls the state institutions. It is responsible for the general policy of the government and its execution. Each minister in the Cabinet holds one or more portfolios. The Prime Minister and his ministers are accountable to the Amir and the National Assembly.

4.1.2.2. The Prime Minister

By article 56, The Amir, after the traditional consultations, appoints the Prime Minister and relieves him of office. The Amir also appoints Ministers and relieves them of office upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

Article 102 highlights the case of No-Confidence in the Prime Minister as it says that the Prime Minister does not hold any portfolio; nor shall the question of confidence in him be raised before the National Assembly. Nevertheless, if the National Assembly decides, in the manner specified in Article 101, that it cannot co-operate with the Prime Minister, the matter is submitted to the Head of State. In such a case, the Amir may either relieve the Prime Minister of office and appoint a new Cabinet or dissolve the National Assembly and in the event of dissolution, if the new Assembly decides by the abovementioned majority vote that it cannot co-operate with the said Prime Minister, he shall be considered to have resigned as from the date of the decision of the Assembly in this respect, and a new Cabinet shall be formed.

Article 103 shows the Continuation of Government as it settles that the Prime Minister shall continue to discharge the urgent business thereof if he vacates his office for any reason until his successor is appointed.

4.1.2.3. The Ministers

Article 56 shows how ministers are appointed as it says that the Amir also appoints Ministers and relieves them of office upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Ministers are appointed from amongst the members of the National Assembly and from others and the number of Ministers in all shall not exceed one-third of the number of the members of the National Assembly.

Article 58 adds that The Prime Minister and the Ministers are collectively responsible to the Amir for the general policy of the State. Every Minister is also individually responsible to the Amir for the affairs of his ministry.

The cabinet mostly includes the following Ministries:

• Ministry of Interior
• Ministry of Education, Kuwait
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kuwait
• Ministry of Information, Kuwait
• Ministry of Finance, Kuwait
• Ministry of Justice, Kuwait
• Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Kuwait
• Ministry of Higher Education, Kuwait
• Ministry of Health, Kuwait Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI)

Kuwait Government Directory

4.1.3. Amiri Diwan

The Amiri Diwan is a major symbol of the sovereign State of Kuwait. The glorious Al-Saif Palace is the permanent headquarters of the Amiri Diwan. The palace has played a great role in the history of Kuwait, both in the distant past and in modern times; due to its long period of existence Kuwait’s strategic location was of geographic importance.

Kuwait’s trade expanded when Sheikh Mubarak the Great became ruler in 1896. In 1904, Sheikh Mubarak decided to build a palace as his headquarters. A unique location was chosen for the palace on the sea (Al-Saif). Since then, all the rulers of Kuwait have been interested in expanding and developing the Al-Saif Palace to preserve it as part of their history and civilization. The area of the palace was increased, and new buildings were added.

4.1.4. Higher Advisory Councils

There are various higher or supreme advisory councils to assist the government in formulating long-term policies in particular areas. For example, the Supreme Petroleum Council is responsible for the State’s oil policies, and the Higher Advisory Committee for Labour Affairs advises the Ministry of Social Affairs & Labour on labour issues. The composition of these councils reflects a cross-section of specialists and groups with interests in a particular area. Their members are appointed by the Amir.

4.1.5. The Governorates

The State of Kuwait is divided into many governorates: the Capital, Hawally, Ahmadi, Jahra, Farwaniyah and Mubarak Al-Kabir. Each is headed by a governor, a representative of the Amir, who is supported by a council for the governorate. Governors are usually members of the ruling family or closely allied to it. Membership of the councils is by appointment.

The roles of the governors and their councils are related to social and security aspects. These include “supervising the implementation of state policies, assessing the need for public utilities, responding to the problems of citizens and encouraging cultural and sporting activities.” They act as channels of communication between the centre and the grassroots. They also oversee local security. Each governorate is divided into districts or areas, e.g., Jabriya, Khaldiya, etc. Each district is headed by a mayor or chief (Mukhtar) who is responsible for the Ministry of Interior.

4.1.6. The Municipality

The Kuwait Municipality was established in 1930. There is only one Municipal Council for the entire state. The Council has sixteen members, of whom six are appointed by the Amir and 10 elected by those eligible to vote in National Assembly elections.

The Municipality is responsible for a variety of functions, including the usual municipal services such as town cleaning and refuse collection, and food and restaurant inspection. It has far-reaching executive powers in commercial licensing, health and safety at work, land acquisition, urban organization and planning and the approval of infrastructural projects. It is responsible for issuing building licenses.

4.2. The Legislative Authority

In accordance with the provisions of the Article 51 of the Constitution, the legislative power is vested in the Amir and the National Assembly in accordance with the Constitution. Also, there are several Laws governing the work in this area, such as Law No. 35 of 1962 on the election of members of the National Assembly was amended on May 16, 2005, to allow women to vote in National Assembly elections and run for membership in the assembly. Before the granting of female suffrage, only 130,000 people, or 15 percent of Kuwaiti nationals, had the right to vote (4/1963 Law No. 4 of 1963 determining the emoluments of members of the National Assembly, 12/1963 Rules of Procedure of the Council of the Nation. Also, there is Municipal Council, which governs by laws in this area, such as 75/1962 Amiri Decree No. 75 of 1962 on the election of members of the Municipal Council).

4.2.1. The Administrative Structure of National Assembly

The Kuwaiti legislature is a unicameral National Assembly. It has sixty-five members, including fifty who are elected for four-year terms of office and fifteen cabinet ministers appointed by the Emir who sit as ex officio members. Elected officials may also serve in the cabinet, in which case the number of ex officio members is reduced accordingly.

4.2.2. The Functions

The National Assembly debates policies and government programs and passes laws. It is also permitted to question ministers and take a vote of no confidence in individual members of the government. Withdrawal of confidence from a minister takes place by a majority vote of the members constituting the Assembly excluding ministers. The question of confidence in the prime minister may not be raised before the National Assembly. Nevertheless, if the National Assembly decides that it cannot cooperate with the prime minister, the matter is submitted to the Emir. In such a case, the Emir may either relieve the prime minister of office and appoint a new cabinet or dissolve the National Assembly.

The National Assembly of Kuwait has its own administrative structure to support its functioning. This structure typically includes:

• Speaker: The Speaker is the head of the National Assembly and is elected by the members. The Speaker presides over the sessions and manages the affairs of the Assembly.
• Deputy Speaker: The Deputy Speaker assists the Speaker and may act in their absence.
• Committees: The National Assembly has various committees that specialize in different areas, such as finance, legislation, and foreign affairs. These committees play a crucial role in reviewing and preparing legislation.
• General Secretariat: The General Secretariat provides administrative and technical support to the National Assembly, including managing its records, finances, and staff.
• Staff: The National Assembly employs various staff members, such as legal advisors, researchers, administrative assistants, and support personnel, to assist in its work.

4.2.3. Sessions and Dissolution

Regular annual parliamentary sessions are convened for no less than eight months. Every year, the Assembly meets in October at the invitation of the Emir; if the invitation is announced late, the meeting is held on the third Saturday of the month in which it is announced. Sittings of the National Assembly are public, though they may be held in secret upon the request of the government, the president of the Assembly, or ten of its members; and if the meetings are held in other places or times than assigned, their results must be canceled according to the Law. The debate on such a request is held in secret. The National Assembly is called by decree to an extraordinary session if the Emir deems it necessary, or upon the demand of the majority of the members of the Assembly. A quorum of half the members must be present for any session to continue.

The Emir opens the annual session of the National Assembly and delivers a speech reviewing the situation of the country and the important public matters from the preceding year and outlining the projects to be undertaken by the government during the coming year. The National Assembly chooses from among its members a committee to draft the reply to the Emir’s speech, which embodies the comments and wishes of the Assembly. Upon approval of the response by the Assembly, the response is submitted to the Emir.

The constitution empowers the Emir to dissolve the National Assembly by a decree, in which the reasons for dissolution are indicated. However, the dissolution of the Assembly may not be repeated for the same reasons. In the event of dissolution, elections for the new Assembly are held within two months. Otherwise, the dissolved Assembly is restored fully until the new Assembly is elected. The Emir has exercised his power in terms of dissolving the parliament many times since its inception in 1963, as well in 2009.

On June 16, 2013, the Constitutional Court declares the December 2012 Assembly invalid, and the one-vote decree is protected. On October 16, 2016, The National Assembly is dissolved by the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, and new elections are called. On November 19, 2019, an Amiri decree was issued appointing Sabah Al-Khaled Al-Hamad Al-Sabah as Prime Minister after Jaber Al-Mubarak apologizes for the task.

A decree is issued to dissolve the August 2, 2022, National Assembly. On March 19, 2023, the Constitutional Court declares the 2022 National Assembly invalid and reinstates the 2020 National Assembly as if the dissolution had never taken place due to the invalidity of the dissolution of the 2020 National Assembly. On May 1, 2023, a decree is issued to dissolve the 2020 National Assembly. On February 15, 2024, a decree is issued to dissolve the National Assembly elected in June 2023. Then, on May 10, 2024, the National Assembly is dissolved by the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Mishaal Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, and some articles of the Constitution are suspended for a period not exceeding four years. On May 10, 2024, the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Mishaal Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, dissolved the National Assembly and suspended some articles of the Constitution for a period not exceeding four years. This decision was made due to political deadlock and was intended to “rescue the country,” according to the Emir. He criticized the parliament for obstructing progress and abusing democratic practices. This is a significant event in Kuwait’s political landscape, as it grants the Emir broader powers and alters the balance of power within the country. The suspension of the Constitution and the absence of the parliament will last for a period not exceeding four years, during which the Emir has called for a “revision of the democratic process.

4.2.4. General Secretariat

The National Assembly elects a speaker and a deputy speaker from among its members by an absolute majority vote of the members present in the first round or, if necessary, by a relative majority in a second round of voting. The speaker has the power to convene sessions, establish and modify the agenda, organize the debates and set speaking times, examine the admissibility of bills and amendments, refer texts to a committee for study, set up committees, decide how the vote is carried out, and cancel a vote in the event of irregularities. He can bring items outside the agenda to the floor and thus organize impromptu debates. He draws up the budget of the Assembly, submits it to the Bureau of the National Assembly, takes part in voting, proposes bills or amendments, and intervenes in parliamentary oversight procedures. He is also consulted by the head of state prior to the appointment of the prime minister and plays a specific role in the conduct of foreign affairs and defense matters, in collaboration with the executive branch.

The Bureau of the National Assembly consists of the speaker, the deputy speaker, the secretary, the chairmen of the Legislative and Legal Affairs Committee and of the Financial and the Economic Affairs Committee.

4.2.5. The Sessions and Procedures

The standing orders of the Assembly procedures, its committees and the rules pertaining to discussion, voting, questions, interpellation, and all other functions are prescribed in the constitution. The standing orders specify the sanctions to be imposed on any member who violates order or is absent himself from the meetings of the Assembly or the committees without a legitimate excuse.

According to article 159 of the Rule of Orders, the government draws up an annual draft budget comprising the revenue and expenditure of the state and submits it to the National Assembly for discussion and approval, at least two months before the end of the fiscal year. According to article 171 of the Rule of Orders, The Financial Control Diwan (Audit Bureau) is attached to the National Assembly in line with article 151 of the Constitution and assists the government and the National Assembly in controlling the collection of the state revenues and the disbursement of its expenditures within the limits of the budget. The Diwan submits to both the government and the National Assembly an annual report on its activities and its observations.

4.2.6. The Committee Structures and Membership

The National Assembly sets up committees of inquiry or delegates its members to investigate matters within its competence. Ministers and all government officials must produce testimonials, documents, and statements requested from them. The Assembly also sets up, among its annual standing committees, a special committee to deal with petitions and complaints submitted by citizens.

4.2.7. The Legislative Drafting Process

The constitution stipulates that no law may be promulgated unless the National Assembly passes it. The decisions of the Assembly are only valid when more than half of the members are present. If the National Assembly confirms a bill by a two-thirds majority vote, the Emir promulgates the bill. If the bill does not receive the said majority, it may not be reconsidered during the same session. If the National Assembly, in another session, passes the same bill by a majority vote, the Emir promulgates the bill as law. Promulgation of laws takes place within thirty days from the date of submission by the National Assembly to the Emir. In cases of emergency this period is reduced to seven days. Laws are published in the Official Gazette before they become effective.

The Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs oversees the activities of the parliament on behalf of the executive branch.

The Kuwaiti parliament is a member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and the Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union (AIPU).

4.3. The Judicial Authority

In accordance with the provisions of the Article 53 of the Constitution the judicial power is vested in the Courts, which exercise it in the name of the Amir within the limits of the Constitution. There are several Laws governing the Judicial Authority such as:

• Decree Law No. 23 of 1990 concerning the organization of the judiciary Law amended by Law No. 21 of 2014
• Law No. 10 of 1996 amending some provisions of Decree Law No. 23 of 1990 on the organization of the judiciary
• Decree Law No. 14 of 1977 regarding the grades and salaries of judges and prosecutors and the Fatwa and Legislation Department
• Decree Law No. 46 of 1987 on the establishment of the Labor Court College
• Law No. 26 of 1969 on the establishment of a state security court
• Law No. 14 of 1973 establishing the Constitutional Court
• Law No. 40 of 1972 on cases of discrimination and appeal procedures
• 17/1973 Law No. 17 of 1973 concerning the legal fees
• Decree Law No. 38 of 1980 promulgating the Code of Civil Procedure and Commercial Law
• 40/1980 decree law No. 40 of 1980 promulgating the organization of experience
• Decree Law No. 20 of 1981 on the establishment of the Tribunal for consideration by the college administrative disputes
• Decree Law No. 46 of 1989 concerning the actions of little value
• No. 11 of 1995 on the Judicial Arbitration in Civil and Commercial Matters

The official language of the court is Arabic, although other languages are not prohibited. Court proceedings are public unless keeping the peace requires that they be closed, and some Court decisions are made public in the official Gazette. The judiciary is administered by the Judicial Council. The Judicial Authority shall be vested in courts of law as prescribed in the Constitution; and court judgments shall be pronounced in the name of the Amir, according to (Article 164) of the Constitution.

Articles 162:173 of Constitution stipulate that the judicial authority shall be independent, and it shall be vested in courts of different types and grades. The courts shall make their judgments according to the law. The Judges are independent, and they shall not be subject to any power in the exercise of their judicial functions as provided by the law and no interference whatsoever shall be permitted with court proceedings and the course of justice.

The supremacy of law is the base of rules in the State. The honor of the judiciary, its integrity, and impartiality of judges are a safeguard of rights and liberties. And the law shall regulate the categories and divisions of courts and define their jurisdiction and powers. The Court sessions shall be public save when a court decides, for the interest of public order or morality, to hold them in camera. In all cases, the pronouncement of judgments shall be made in an open session.

The Constitution stipulates that Judges are independent and shall not be subject to removal from office space in cases specified by the law, and the independence of the judiciary is inviolable and is protected by law against interference from other authorities. And in the case of other Laws, the judicial authorities and courts of law are of the following kind.

4.3.1. The Judicial Structure and Court System

The judiciary is structured in three levels. At the base of the hierarchy are the Courts of First Instance. These Courts handle civil, commercial, personal status and penal matters separately. Judgments in cases involving misdemeanors punishable by less than three years of imprisonment or fines of less than 250 Kuwaiti dinars cannot be appealed to a higher-level court; commercial and civil judgments involving fines less than 1000 dinars are final. The Courts of Appeal, which sit in panels of three judges, serve as both intermediate and final courts of appeal.

The Ministry is concerned with providing justice to the Kuwaiti society under a facilitated system in which everyone is safe in their lives, freedoms, and money; maintains the security of the community and its social order; and respects the sanctity of laws and ensures their implementation. It also undertakes establishing a fixed system for real estate ownership and preserving the interests of minors and the incapacitated among Kuwaitis, as follows:

• Organizing the necessary means to resolve disputes brought before the courts of various types and to consider crimes in accordance with the provisions of the laws.
• Conducting public lawsuits through the Public Prosecution in the name of the community in felonies and misdemeanors referred to it, by investigation, disposal and prosecution in accordance with the provisions of the law.
• Supervising prisons and other places where criminal judgments are executed.
• Providing technical expertise to the justice agencies and other state agencies.
• Making official announcements of judicial papers, lawsuits, and others; implementing judgments and executive bonds; and accepting, depositing, and disbursing the amounts related thereto in accordance with the provisions of the law.
• Real estate registration, documentation, authentication, proof of date, and marking of commercial books in accordance with the provisions of the law.
• Receiving and managing the estates of Kuwaiti minors, unborn children, and persons with limited legal capacity and taking care of their affairs in accordance with the provisions of the law.
• Inventorying the estates of persons of unknown identity or unknown heirs or in the event of the absence of some of them and preserving them and the shares of minors who are not Kuwaitis and receiving the estates transferred to them from government agencies and delivering them to their beneficiaries in accordance with the applicable rules.
• Cooperating with Arab, Islamic and foreign countries and organizations in the legal and judicial fields.

In recent years, Kuwait has shown a commitment to modernizing its judicial system to keep pace with global changes. Initiatives include the introduction of electronic systems for various departments within the Ministry of Justice, linking them to the government services application (Sahel) to enhance efficiency. The Ministry has also implemented automated systems and amended certain laws to facilitate electronic notifications and remote trials, aiming to expedite legal proceedings.

4.3.2. Supreme Court

The Court of Cassation, added to the system in 1990, sits at the apex of the Kuwaiti judiciary and serves as the final court of appeal. Divided into Commercial, Civil, and Criminal Boards, the Court’s judgments are not legally binding on the lower courts, yet they are normally respected.

In recent years, the Court of Cassation has adjudicated several high-profile cases, reflecting its pivotal role in upholding justice and addressing complex legal matters.

4.3.3. The Jurisdiction of Constitutionality

According to the provisions of Article 173 of the Constitution, the law shall specify the competent judicial body for settling disputes pertaining to the constitutionality of laws and regulations and define its powers and method of challenging and procedures to be followed before the said body. It shall also specify the consequences of judgment regarding unconstitutionality. The Law No. 14 of 1973 established the Constitutional Court, which has exclusive jurisdiction to interpret the constitutionality of legislation, and it is empowered to review electoral contestations. The Court is comprised of five members who are chosen by the Judicial Council by secret election, and one reserve member who is appointed by decree. Although judges of the other courts may be non-Kuwaiti, judges of the Constitutional Court must be Kuwaiti nationals. An important guide to the judiciary in rendering opinions about legislation is the Explanatory Note stating the intentions of the legislature that frequently accompany legislative acts.

4.3.4. The Jurisdiction of Administrative Disputes

According to the provisions of Articles 169:171 of the Constitution, the law shall specify the competent judicial body for settling Administrative Disputes of laws and regulations and define its powers. In 2008 the Supreme Constitutional Court was established.

4.3.5. The Jurisdiction of Military Tribunals

According to the provisions of Article 164 of the Constitution, the jurisdiction of Military tribunals is restricted, save when martial law is in force, to military crimes committed by staff of the armed and the security forces within the limitations specified by the law.

4.3.6. Special Bodies

There are several courts with specialized jurisdictions. Law No. 26 of 1969 established the Court of State Security, which is authorized to try cases related to the internal and external security of the state. The Court is composed of three members who are recommended by the Minister of Justice and authorized by decree. Judgments made by this court cannot be appealed.

4.3.7. Public Prosecution

The Public Prosecution shall conduct public actions in the name of the people, supervise the law enforcement, and ensure the enforcement of criminal laws. The law shall regulate the functions of this body; specify the condition and guarantees pertaining to the staff.

4.4. Human Rights and Cooperation with the International Community

Kuwait Society for Human Rights Working to promote a culture of respect for human rights and promote awareness of the international covenants of human rights, and defense of all individuals whose human rights are violated. To protect and promote these rights the Association interested to participate keenly to submit this report with the most important developments in the human rights situation in Kuwait since 2010 to 2014 and demanded a number of reforms in line with international standards of human rights. The report has been prepared in accordance with the following criteria:

Recommendations accepted by the Kuwaiti government during the Universal Periodic Review UPR to Kuwait on May 12, 2010, as well as international obligations to Kuwait in the field of human rights emanating from the ratification of the relevant international conventions.

• Appropriate the domestic laws with the international conventions and treaties.
• The recommendations of the Association workshops
• Complaints received by the Association.
• Violations that are monitored by the monitoring teams of the Association.
• Studies and research conducted by the Assembly.

Kuwait became a party to several agreements in the field of human rights and International Humanitarian Law. The most recent was the convention relating to people with disabilities under the law No. 35/2013. See 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Kuwait–submitted to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the Occasion of the 21st Session of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR)–prepared by Kuwait Society for Human Rights (Jan.-Feb. 2015).

The efforts made by the State of Kuwait in the field of various human rights have contributed to improving the State of Kuwait’s ranking in the Global Prosperity Index, from 80th place in 2017 to 66th place globally, out of a total of (149) countries in 2018, in addition to working to improve the State of Kuwait’s ranking in the Happiness Index, from 45th place to 39th place globally, out of a total of (156) countries in 2018 within the list of the happiest countries in the world, as the report showed that wealth is not what makes people happy, but rather political freedom and strong social networks are all more important and effective factors than high income in explaining the differences in happiness and well-being between the countries that occupy the first ranks and the countries that are at the bottom of the ranking, reflecting the efforts of the Kuwaiti government in providing political freedom and social security. A Report on 35th session of the Universal Periodic Review Working Group of the Human Rights Council

Children’s Rights: According to the Constitutional Principles in Kuwait, the sections that deal with the Protection of Children and young persons are:

Article no. 10 undertakes the protection of young people from exploitation or any verbal or physical abuse, even spiritual abuse: “The State shall cater for the welfare of young persons, whom it shall protect from exploitation and from moral, physical and spiritual neglect.”: Article 13 provides that “education is an integral part in the advancement of society and the State protects and caters for such.” Article 40 provides that education is compulsory and free in its early stages in accordance with the Law…”

Law no. 21 of 2015 regards children’s rights, article 38 provides that Law no. 11 of 1965 on the compulsory education shall rule, if there are not any other provisions in this regard. The law is divided into nine chapters and has a total of ninety-seven articles that cover childhood from pregnancy until the child turns 18 years old. It is significant to have an overview of the content of the law. Therefore, the nine chapters will be briefly introduced here; afterwards some concepts will be explained in a more specified manner.

Chapter one of the CRL is named “Introductory Provisions” and contains a brief definition of the child as anyone who has not yet turned eighteen years of age. Chapter two is called “General Provisions”; it determines the various age groups of childhood, states that a child should be taken care of from birth until the age of 18, and clarifies the process of childbirth, registering the child in the governmental system, details about vaccination and nutrition, gaining a health card, and the rights of pregnant women. Chapter three is explicit for social care of children; it specifies the inevitability of childcare centers in case both parents work, and the significance of the care provided in early childhood. Chapter four focuses on children’s right to education and the necessity to offer solid schooling establishments. Furthermore, chapter five concentrates on the rights of working mothers, as well as the right and regulations for working children between the ages of 15 to 18. Chapter six states the distinct services for children with disabilities. Additionally, chapter seven emphasizes the importance of intellectual development outside of mere schooling for children to be enlightened and reach their full individual potential. Chapter eight specifies ways to prevent child traffic mishaps and other kinds of danger that might occur. Finally, chapter nine states the forms of punishment for those who injure children in any way.

As stated in the CRL, a child is anyone under the age of eighteen. Children are classified according to the following categories: the first age group is from birth until the age of four. Secondly, from four years of age until the age of seven, this group has the right for their complaints to be heard and investigated. Thirdly, it is the age group seven to fifteen years old, which have the legal right to be heard and for their opinions to be taken into consideration. Lastly, is the age group from fifteen to eighteen years old are allowed to work according to the legal regulations of working hours and environment. For more see, a Critical Study of The Child Protection Law in Kuwait.

The law regarding the rights of the child states, while considering the rights and duties of the child’s guardian and his right to simple, non-harmful discipline, it is prohibited to intentionally expose the child to any harmful physical, psychological, emotional harm or harmful or unlawful practice. The aforementioned law also stipulates (Criminal Treatment of the Child Abuser) all penalties and penal texts imposed on those who expose or expose the child to any psychological or physical harm. The Ministry of Social Affairs has formed a team to disseminate and raise awareness of the Child Law.

For more about Law No. (21 /2015) and Child’s rights, see protection of International conference in Kuwait, Kuwait Report to Committee on Rights of Child, Implementing child maltreatment, Kuwait reaffirms commitment to boost kids, and Kuwait to strengthen child protection legislation against violence.

Labor Policies: Kuwait followed the UAE in enforcing a new labor law giving more protection to foreign workers who dominate the private sector in the oil-rich nation.

After months of promising a unified contract for workers in the private sector, Kuwait’s Public Authority for Manpower (MPA) finally put the unified contract into effect in January 2016. This contract aims to limit disputes between employers and workers by guaranteeing a standard for their work relationship and conditions. The 16 clauses of the unified contract are based on an interpretation of the 2010/6 law of labor regulations of the private sector. See the Unified Contract for Kuwait’s Private Sector,

Kuwait is a party to several international human rights treaties, including:

• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
• Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery
• Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others
• United Nations Convention Against Torture
• Convention on the Rights of the Child
• Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor
• Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labor
• Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention
• Abolition of Forced Labor Convention
• Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention
• Convention against Discrimination in Education

5. Focus on Business/Economic Law in Kuwait

5.1. Preface: Economic and Business Laws

Kuwait has the fifth-largest oil reserves in the world. It is the third-largest oil producer in the Arab world, providing considerable wealth to a population of less than three million. In 2009, petroleum accounted for 43 percent of gross domestic product and ninety-three percent of exports. In 2010 the sector generated 83 percent of government revenue.

Kuwait’s Performance on the Resource Governance Index: Kuwait ranked 42nd out of 58 countries and received a “weak” score of forty-one, with particularly poor performance on the Institutional & Legal Setting component.

Kuwait launched in May 2009 its first economic development plan (2010/2011-2013/2014), with total investment around US$107 billion over four-years, focusing on sectors of transport, utilities (mainly electricity generation and water desalination), industrial special zones, a technology park and a logistics zone. The main objective of the development plan is: to raise the share of the private sector in GDP from the base year (2009) from 37% to 44% by end of the four year of the plan; increase the share of the national labor force from 15.5% to 21%; and raise the share of R&D from 0.2% to 1.0% within the same period. The Plan hopes to establish at least 150 SMEs and fifty BOT projects and train annually not less than 3000 nationals.

The second development plan (2015/2016-2019/2020) has investment of US$103 billion, of which thirty projects in nine crucial sectors including oil & gas, North Zone Development, electricity & water, Urban Development & Housing, Health, Education, Transport & Communications, Tourism & Media, and Environment.

The second plan targets identified 2013 as base year and included raising the share of the private sector from 26.4% to 41.9%, share of non-oil sector to GDP from 45.1% to 64.0%, share of Kuwaitis in private workforce from 6.8% to 8.2%, and share of R&D from 0.2% to 1.0%.

Kuwait Privatization Program: The KSE began the several year process of privatization by creating a shareholding company in 2014 to be funded with KD 60 million ($210 million). The privatization of the KSE has been delayed by years following legal obstacles. A senior CMA official said selling the bourse risked being stymied by a clause in Kuwaiti law forbidding the CMA from carrying out commercial activities, meaning it could not operate the stock market as a company before selling it, forcing it to sell its stake prematurely. Any changes to the law would require passage through Parliament, likely to further delay the privatization process. The government has hired an outside consultant to oversee the KSE privatization process.

Kuwait follows civil legal system with Islamic law mainly significant in personal matters. Kuwait enjoys a transparent and sound legal system with proper separation of legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

There is a host of economic laws which are conducive to the investment climate, of which laws pertaining to new corporate taxes, commercial companies, commercial licenses, encouraging competition, and protecting consumers. Other laws were approved for fostering the role of the private sector in the economy through privatization program and public private partnership (BOT) and opening new areas for private investment like electricity generation & water desalination projects.

Kuwait has always enjoyed an open economy with a thriving merchant class and extensive trade relations even before the oil discovery era. Kuwait continues to practice a relatively liberal trade with open markets for foreign trade and flexible policies. It has no quantitative restrictions on its imports, but prohibits a few products for religious, health, and security reasons. There are no restrictions on capital transfers as Kuwait enjoys a free convertibility and total transferability in its exchange market.

Several decisions have been taken since then, allowing the opening of the stock market to non-Kuwaitis, the presence of foreign operators in the petrochemical industry and the entry of foreign banks in the country. A law on taxation of foreign companies (which decreased the maximum rate of tax on profits made by foreign companies, except for investment earnings, from 55 to 15%) was adopted in 2008. Although the opening of oil fields in the North to international oil companies seemed to be blocked for years, in late 2014, the Government started discussions with several foreign companies on this issue. Legislation on free zones and BOTs (January 2009) and on creating an independent stock market regulator (January 2010) also contributed to a more favorable environment for international investment, both financial and direct. Despite this, Kuwait ranks 100th out of 189 economies in the 2016 Doing Business report established by the World Bank.

Kuwait has developed its laws and implemented significant fiscal reforms to modernize its economic and business laws, aiming to align with international standards.

5.2. Legislative Framework of Commercial and Corporate

Commercial law alongside the commercial companies is the main axis of the Business laws in Kuwait. The Commercial Law of Kuwait 68/1980 Decree-Law on Trade law and its amendments, covering all commercial activities like commercial contracts, commercial agency, trademarks, trade names, unfair competition, banking operations, bill of exchange, bankruptcy, etc.

A foreigner or a foreign company can do business in the Kuwaiti market mainly by way of establishing a company which could be a Limited Liability Company, Closed Joint Stock Company or a Public Joint Stock Company or entering into joint Venture Agreement which doesn’t require any formal procedures Appointing a Local Commercial Agency as Appointing a Commercial Agent who is a Kuwaiti individual.

A new company’s law in Kuwait 25/2012 amended by Law No. 97 of 2013 and Executive Regulations decision 425 of 2013. Law 1 of 2016 for commercial companies was promulgated. offers investors a more attractive investment environment. The law provides more details and clarity than the previous one. Further, it provides guidance in relation to certain matters, as the Nonprofit companies are now permissible under the Companies Law in order to undertake a social role.

Moreover, new forms of companies have been introduced in the Companies Law, such as a sole person company and the professional companies. Professional companies may take the form of a closed shareholding company, limited partnership or a company with limited liability.

Further, the Companies Law also has changed some provisions with respect to holding companies, as under the Companies Law holding companies may take the form of a closed shareholding company, a limited liability company or a single-person company.

With respect to the incorporation procedures of companies, the Law has adopted what is known as the one window system for finalizing the procedures of incorporating companies. Procedures of incorporating companies shall be completed through a special department for this purpose at the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, which comprises representatives of the concerned government bodies.

Law No. 25/2012 Promulgating the Companies Law was published in the official on 29 November 2012. Law 1 of 2016 for commercial companies was promulgated and by Law No. 15of 2017 that was issued based on practical experience and in an attempt to resolving the difficulties faced in the enforcement of the law.

In the context of the State of Kuwait keeping pace with the current technological development, especially in the field of e-commerce, the legislator has issued the following laws:

• Law No. 63 of 2015 promulgating the Law on Combating Information Technology Crimes.
• Law No. 111 of 2015 promulgating the Juvenile Law.
• Law No. 1 of 2016 promulgating the Companies Law.
• Law No. 2 of 2016 establishing the Public Authority for Combating Corruption and the provisions related to the disclosure of financial assets.
• Law No. 8 of 2016 regulating electronic media.
• Law No. 33 of 2016 regarding the Municipality of Kuwait.
• Explanatory notes for laws from 1 to 8 of 2019.
• Law No. 1 of 2019 Agreement between the Government of the State of Kuwait and the Government of the United States of America.
• Law No. 2 of 2019 for the Agreement to Establish the Gulf Accreditation Center.
• Law No. 3 of 2019 regarding the recognition of the Interpol travel document worldwide.
• Law No. 4 of 2019 regarding the establishment of the Islamic Countries Institute for Standards and Metrology.
• Law No. 6 2019 Approving the Cooperation Protocol between the Government of the State of Kuwait and the Government of the Republic of Turkey in the field of education and training for members of the Kuwaiti National Guard.
• Law No. 7 of 2019 Approving the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products.
• Law No. 8 of 2019 Approving the Final Documents of the World Radiocommunication Conference Geneva 2015.
• Continued No. 8 of 2019.
• Law No. 9 of 2019 Regulating the Exchange of Credit Information.
• Law No. 10 of 2019 Amending Some Provisions of the Social Insurance Law.

As of 2025, Kuwait is implementing significant reforms to its commercial and corporate legislative framework to modernize its economy and align with international standards.

Corporate Income Tax Implementation: Effective January 1, 2025, Kuwait will introduce a 15% corporate income tax on profits of both local and multinational companies. This initiative is part of a comprehensive fiscal reform plan detailed in the draft Business Profits Tax Law. Notably, enterprises with annual turnovers below 1.5 million Kuwaiti dinars are exempt from this tax. Additionally, a 30% tax will be levied on income derived from businesses in the “divided zone,” with a potential 50% reduction available if taxes are paid to Saudi Arabia.

Supplementary Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax: In alignment with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Two-Pillar Solution, Kuwait will implement a 15% minimum top-up tax on multinational enterprises operating within the country, effective January 2025. This measure ensures that large multinational companies pay a minimum effective tax rate of 15% on their profits in each country where they operate.

Withholding Tax on Non-Resident Payments: A 5% withholding tax will be imposed on specific payments made to non-residents, including dividends, royalties, rents, technical services, and insurance premiums, unless these payments are linked to a permanent establishment in Kuwait.

Compliance and Reporting Obligations: Companies are required to register with the Tax Administration within thirty days of commencing operations. Tax returns, accompanied by audited financial statements, must be filed within six months of the end of the tax year. Quarterly advance tax payments based on estimated earnings are also mandated, with provisions for refunds in cases of overpayment upon filing the final return. Businesses must retain financial records for ten years to meet reporting obligations.

Penalties and Dispute Resolution: Late filings or payments will incur a penalty of 1% for every thirty days of delay. Taxpayers can challenge assessments through an objection and appeal process, with disputes potentially escalating to a Tax Grievances Committee or competent courts if necessary.

These reforms represent Kuwait’s commitment to diversifying its income sources, enhancing fiscal transparency, and aligning with global economic standards.

5.3. Legislative Framework of Investment

5.3.1. Kuwait Investments Law

The New Investments Law in Kuwait No.8/2001 has been passed for regulating direct investment of foreign capital in the State of Kuwait. Since the law was passed with a view to encourage foreign investment in Kuwait, there are many clauses which encourages a foreign investor to invest their capital in the state of Kuwait like the 100% foreign ownership of corporate shares of a company.

A Foreign Capital Investment Committee is set up which is entrusted for recommending to the Minister of Commerce & Industry regarding the granting of licenses to the foreign investors for practicing the economic activities and enterprises. Furthermore, Article 8 prohibits absolute confiscation or nationalization of any licensed foreign enterprise under the provisions of this law. This provision mandates prompt payment of compensation. The provision of this Law extends to cover the investments currently existing so that the investors could benefit from the new provisions without prejudice to the privileges already obtained by him.

Also, the foreign investor enjoys the priority right to transfer his investment to another foreigner or Kuwaiti national investor, or to assign the enterprise to his foreign partner.

There are benefits and exemptions granted to the foreign investor like tax exemption, avoidance of double taxation, exemption from customs duties, allotment of land and real estate, recruitment of foreign labor, etc. upon the approval by the Investment Committee.

The State of Kuwait has been interested in encouraging foreign investment through the enactment of a specialized law regulating their work, in addition to establishing a specialized authority under Law No. 116 of 2013 regarding the encouragement of direct investment in the State of Kuwait. This authority is considered one of the executive economic arms of the State of Kuwait and performs several roles, including attracting and encouraging foreign direct investment to Kuwait with added value and stimulating innovation. In addition, this authority plays a procedural and regulatory role to facilitate work for the foreign investor, as it receives and approves investment license requests. It also grants incentives according to the standards stipulated in the provisions of its establishment law by cooperating with the relevant authorities to continue providing subsequent facilities to licensed foreign projects.

5.3.2. The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA)

The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) is the oldest sovereign wealth fund in the world. KIA traces its roots to the Kuwait Investment Board, which was established in 1953, eight years before Kuwait’s independence in 1961. In 1982, KIA was created by Law No. 47 as an autonomous governmental body responsible for the management of the assets of the country.

In April 2022, the Public Investment Authority was the third largest sovereign wealth fund in the world with assets under management of $738 billion. Fitch Ratings estimates the assets managed by the Authority at $738 billion, of which $490 billion is in the Future Generations Reserve Fund. The Authority’s net profits amounted to $79.5 billion from investing the state’s reserves during the three years from fiscal year 2014/2015 to fiscal year 2016/2017. This brings the average annual net profit from the investments of the Kuwaiti sovereign fund’s assets during the past three years to $26.5 billion annually.

Responsibility: KIA does not seek to purchase majority or controlling interests in the companies in which it invests, other than shares in real estate investment entities and in investment holding companies that it establishes for transactions. Throughout its history, KIA has been a stable and responsible shareholder and owner. KIA pursues corporate governance activities based on industry’s best practices and the highest international standards of shareholder responsibility.

The Authority is required to submit semi-annual statements of its assets to the Kuwait Audit Bureau, an independent government body. The Authority also submits an annual statement of its accounts to the Council of Ministers and the Kuwaiti National Assembly, and the Authority’s directors appear before various committees in Parliament on a regular basis to discuss its performance.

The Authority’s Board of Directors is also under an Audit Committee, which includes members from the private sector and which, in conjunction with the Internal Audit Office, evaluates the effectiveness of the internal control systems to protect the company’s assets and investment portfolios, and reviews the integrity of the financial reporting process.

As an independent public body, the Authority is bound by the rules and regulations of the Civil Service Bureau and the auditors of the Ministry of Finance in Kuwait.

By February 2025, its assets under management have reached approximately US$1.029 trillion, solidifying its position as one of the largest sovereign wealth funds globally. See Kuwait Investment Authority, Investing responsibly for Kuwait’s future, the KIA is a force for good in global markets, and Investing responsibly for Kuwait’s future prosperity

5.3.3. Kuwait: Foreign Investment

Kuwait has always been a country open to foreign investment and is further opening to foreign capital. In early 2003, a new law for FDI came into force. It allowed 100% foreign ownership in a number of sectors. This law also made available a number of tax breaks and other benefits to attract new investors, who in return must guarantee a set of quotas regarding the employment of Kuwaiti nationals. A law on foreign investment, enacted in 2013, was implemented in 2015 and a series of other laws related to businesses and public-private partnerships were introduced as well. The country’s authorities intend to attract investment to develop infrastructure through the 2015-2020 National Development Plan.

Kuwait is working to intensify regional Gulf cooperation in order to enhance trade and investment relations within the framework of the Gulf Cooperation Council, in addition to expanding its relations with friendly countries by signing memoranda of understanding in the field of encouraging direct investment.

The country is witnessing concerted efforts to improve the investment environment, enhance competitiveness, and achieve major economic and development goals amidst the country’s economic and geographical advantages that enable it to achieve qualitative progress in this field.

At the forefront of the 2024/2025 development plan programs is the establishment of a special international economic zone that enjoys laws and regulations that attract investment with an independent institutional structure that ensures the attraction of global investments with high added value and encourages innovation while ensuring transparency in the management of financial resources.

Kuwait’s strategic initiatives, such as the “New Kuwait 2035” vision, aim to transform the nation into a financial and trade hub by reducing its dependence on oil revenues. The government has implemented policies to attract foreign investors to sectors like information technology, renewable energy, and finance, including easing foreign ownership restrictions and offering tax incentives. These developments indicate a positive trajectory for Kuwait’s foreign investment landscape, driven by comprehensive economic reforms and a commitment to creating a more diversified and investor-friendly environment. For more, see Gulf Cooperation Council: Pursuing Visions Amid Geopolitical Turbulence Economic, Surge in FDI reflects growing confidence in Kuwait, and Foreign Investment in Kuwait Reaches $16 Billion.

5.3.4. Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority

Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA) was established in accordance with Law No. 116 of 2013 regarding the promotion of direct investment in the State of Kuwait as a specialized public authority with financial and administrative independence. H.E. Minister of Commerce & Industry is the Chairman of its Board of Directors. KDIPA is one of the economic implementing arms of the country performing developmental, promotional, regulatory, and advocacy roles.

• Developmental role by contributing to the national goal of economic diversification, job creation and quality training for nationals, and extending the positive spillover impact for the local economy.
• Promotional role by attracting and encouraging value added and innovation based direct investment into Kuwait for the purpose of enhancing technology transfer and settlement.
• Regulatory role by receiving and approving applications for investment licensing and granting incentives in accordance with the transparent criteria set in the provisions of its establishing law, and in cooperation with relevant authorities. This entails providing aftercare services and facilitation as well as continued follow-up and monitoring throughout the life of the licensed projects, starting from when the business begins operations.
• Advocacy role by collaborating with various stakeholders to streamline business environment in Kuwait, in order to enhance the country’s competitiveness by identifying potential obstacles investors might face, and attempting to mitigate them, as well as disseminating available information and data in a transparent and timely manner.

KDIPA Law & Executive Regulations: Law No. 116 of 2013 for the Promotion of Direct Investment in the State of Kuwait. Executive Regulations Implementing Law No. 116 of 2013 Regarding the Promotion of Direct Investment in the State of Kuwait.

Related Decisions:

• DG Decision No. 16 of 2016 on the Mechanism for Granting Tax Exemption that entered effect from the date of its issuance on January 12, 2016.
• Council of Ministers Decision No. (75) of 2015 Regarding the List of Excluded Direct Investments from the Provisions of Law No. (116) of 2013 regarding the Promotion of Direct Investment in the State of Kuwait.
• Director General Decision No. 35 of 2014 dated December 2014 Regarding the principles and rules and procedures for the licensing of branches and representative offices of foreign companies in Kuwait.
• Ministerial Decision No. 503 for 2014 dated December 2014 for Approved Service Fees rendered by KDIPA.
• Ministerial Decision No. 502 for 2014 dated December 2014 for Issuance of Executive Regulations.

5.4. Legislative Framework of Banking

5.4.1. The Central Bank of Kuwait

The Central Bank of Kuwait (CBK) was established by virtue of the Law No. 32 of 1968 concerning currency, the Central Bank of Kuwait and the Organization of Banking Business. CBK replaced the Kuwaiti Currency Board established by virtue of the Amiri Decree No. 41 of 1960. The role of the Kuwaiti Currency Board was limited to the issuance of banknotes and coins, unlike central banks’ broad responsibilities ranging from setting and implementing monetary policies to the regulation and supervision of banking activities. CBK’s establishment, hence, was in response of the need to keep pace with domestic and international developments, particularly in view of the increasingly important role of the monetary and financial policy contributing to the advancement of social and economic development in the country.

The Central Bank of Kuwait commenced operation on the 1st of April 1969, in fulfillment of the following core objectives stated in Article 15 of its Law No. 32 of 1968:

• issue the national currency on behalf of the State.
• maintain the relative stability of the Kuwaiti Dinar and secure its free convertibility into foreign currencies.
• to direct the credit policy with the aim to contribute to the social and economic progress and enhance the national income.
• to supervise the State’s banking system.
• to serve as a banker to the government.
• to serve as a financial adviser to the government.

The paid-up capital of the Central Bank of Kuwait shall be five million Kuwaiti Dinars, fully paid up by the government. This capital may be increased by a decree, and such increase shall be withdrawn from the General Reserve of the CBK.

The Central Bank of Kuwait is managed by a Board of Directors encompassing the Governor of CBK – chairman, and the Deputy Governor of CBK, both appointed by a decree for a five-year renewable term. The Board of Directors also comprises of a representative of the Ministry of Finance, a representative of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, and four other members with proven experience in the economic, financial and banking affairs, appointed by a decree for a three-year renewable term.

5.4.2. Kuwait and Money Laundering

Article (16) of Law No. (106) for the year 2013 concerning Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism to establish a unit called the “Kuwait Financial Intelligence Unit.” It shall be an independent legal person and serve as the agency responsible for receiving, requesting, analyzing, and disseminating information concerning suspected proceeds of crime or funds related, linked to or to be used for money laundering or terrorism financing according to the provisions of this Law.

As of early 2025, Kuwait continues to confront significant challenges related to money laundering, despite efforts to strengthen its legal and regulatory frameworks.

Regarding the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Assessment: In October 2024, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) evaluated Kuwait’s anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing measures. The assessment acknowledged that Kuwait possesses an adequate legal and supervisory framework to address these issues. However, it highlighted “serious shortcomings” in achieving effective outcomes, particularly in combating terrorist financing. The report emphasized that while banks and larger financial institutions demonstrate a solid understanding of their risks and obligations, supervisory authorities need to enhance their focus on identifying and monitoring beneficial ownership.

Concerning International Collaboration: Kuwait has been actively engaging in international cooperation to strengthen its AML and counter-terrorism financing frameworks. The country has implemented policies aimed at combating money laundering, corruption, and other illicit financial activities, including collaborating with foreign agencies to ensure compliance with international standards on anti-corruption policies and transparency. These efforts are part of Kuwait’s broader strategy to enhance its standing in the global financial system. Despite these initiatives, the FATF’s recent assessment indicates that Kuwait must continue to address significant challenges to achieve effective outcomes in its fight against money laundering and terrorist financing.

5.4.3. Kuwait Financial Intelligence Unit

Article (16) of Law No. (106) for the year 2013 concerning Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism to establish A Unit called the “Kuwait Financial Intelligence Unit.” It shall be an independent legal person and serve as the agency responsible for receiving, requesting, analyzing, and disseminating information concerning suspected proceeds of crime or funds related, linked to or to be used for money laundering or terrorism financing according to the provisions of this Law.

It is worth noting that six months after transferring its supervision to the Minister of Interior, the Council of Ministers decided to return supervision of the Financial Investigations Unit to the Minister of Finance. Cabinet Resolution No. 1159 of 2023 regarding the Kuwaiti Financial Investigations Unit stipulated the following: “Supervision of the Kuwaiti Financial Investigations Unit shall be transferred to the Minister of Finance and he shall assume all the powers assigned to the Minister in the law.” It is noteworthy that the Investigations Unit works to contribute to protecting the national economy by developing and strengthening systems to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, and protecting the State of Kuwait from illegal activities, thus contributing to transforming the State of Kuwait into a global financial and commercial center. The unit’s work is based on preparing notification forms for notified entities, issuing a guide to completing the notification form and issuing indicators of suspicion, as well as identifying high-risk countries. See also MENAFN, the Business and Financial News Portal.

FATF Evaluation: The 2024 Mutual Evaluation Report by the FATF acknowledged Kuwait’s strengthened regulatory framework and the establishment of the KFIU as significant steps toward enhancing financial integrity. The report emphasized the need for effective enforcement of regulations concerning ultimate beneficial ownership and the importance of ongoing education for businesses about their role in preventing financial crimes. Through these initiatives, the KFIU remains central to Kuwait’s strategy to safeguard its financial system against illicit activities, ensuring compliance with international standards, and enhancing the country’s financial integrity.

5.5. Legislative Framework of Stock Exchange

The Capital Markets Authority (CMA) was established according to Law No. 7/2010 which was passed by the Kuwaiti parliament in February 2010. According to the Law, the CMA shall regulate and supervise the securities’ activities and realize the principles of transparency, fairness, and competency. It also observes the implementation of the principles of Corporate Governance by the listed companies and protects the investors against the unfair practices and law-violating acts.

The CMA is committed to setting supervisory and controlling regulations which support an attractive and competitive investment environment in the State of Kuwait; based on the principles of fairness, transparency, and integrity according to the best international practices.

In December 2024, the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) introduced a series of legal reforms aimed at improving the financial markets. A key component of these reforms is the establishment of a “qualified broker” model, which grants brokers greater powers and responsibilities, enabling them to manage clients’ funds and assets more effectively. This initiative is designed to align Kuwait’s financial practices with global standards and is part of a broader strategy to develop financial markets in support of the “New Kuwait 2035” vision. The next phase of these reforms is expected to be completed in 2025.

Amendments to General Assembly Participation: In December 2024, the CMA issued Resolution No. 164/2024, amending Resolution No. 104/2024, to enhance mechanisms for participating in the general assemblies of companies listed on the Kuwait Stock Exchange. The amendment defines the “date of the right to attend,” specifying that if this date falls on a rest day or official holiday, it will be postponed to the next working day. This date is set to determine the shareholders registered with the clearing agency who are entitled to attend and participate in the company’s general assembly. This decision aims to improve corporate governance and shareholder engagement within listed companies, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 1, 2025.

Market Performance and Regulatory Impact: The legislative reforms have contributed to increased activity in Kuwait’s stock market. In 2024, Boursa Kuwait’s liquidity rose by 42.8%, reaching approximately KD 14.833 billion (about $45.240 billion), compared to KD 10.386 billion (about $31.677 billion) in 2023. The general index of Boursa Kuwait also recorded a positive performance, increasing by 8.0% to 7,362.5 points at the end of 2024. These developments reflect the positive impact of regulatory enhancements on market performance.

5.5.1. CMA Objectives

The Capital Markets Authority aims to:

• Regulate securities activities in a fair, transparent and efficient manner
• Grow the capital markets, and diversify and develop investment instruments thereof in accordance with best international practice
• Enhance investor protection
• Reduce systemic risks arising from securities activities
• Impose requirements of full disclosure in order to achieve fairness and transparency, and to prevent conflicts of interests and the use of insider information
• Ensure compliance with the rules and regulations related to securities activities
• Enhance public awareness of securities activities and of the benefits, risks and obligations arising from investments in securities and encourage their development

5.5.2. Capital Markets Authority Law

Law No. 7 of 2010 Regarding the Establishment of the Capital Markets Authority and Regulating Securities Activities and its Amendments are online. See also, Dr. Fathi Zerani, Democratic Governance of stock Markets, 6 Kuwait International Law School Journal 37 (2018).

5.6. ADR in Kuwait

The most common form of ADR in Kuwait is, like its UAE counterpart, arbitration. Arbitration in Kuwait is regulated by the Civil and Commercial Procedure Code, which addresses the validity of each aspect of arbitration, including the enforcement of foreign awards.

Both arbitration and mediation in Kuwait fall within the jurisdiction of the Kuwait Mediation and International Arbitration Chamber.

5.7. Laws, Studies and Reports Related to Business Laws

• Kuwaiti Copyright Act
• Customs Law
• Law NO. 63 of 2015 on combating cyber crimes
• Environment Protection Law
• Kuwait General Administration of Customs
• Laws of some agencies and Categories
• CMA Capital Market Establishment Law
• Law NO. 20 of 2014 concerning Electronic Transactions
• Environment Public Authority
• Importation law
• Decision No. 48 of the Executive Regulations of the Law No. 20 of 2014 conc…
• Labour Law
• People with Special Needs law
• Commercial Law
• Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism Law No. (106) of 2013
• Decision No (37) of 2013 On Executive Regulation for the Anti-Money Laundering and Combating Terrorism Financing Law (106) of 2013
• Ministerial Resolution No. (1532) of 2013 On Establishing the Kuwait Financial Intelligence Unit
• Law No: 85/2013 Approving the accession of the State of Kuwait to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism
• Ministerial Resolution No. (4) of 2014 On Establishing the Special Committee for The Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolutions issued under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter related to terrorism and terrorism financing
• Ministerial Resolution No. (5) of 2014 On the Executive Regulation for the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolutions Issued under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter Related to Terrorism and Terrorism financing
• Ministerial Decision No. (31) of 2015 On the Recomposition of the Committee for the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolutions (more laws and legislation)
• Legislation of the judiciary and Advice and Legislation and the real estate…
• (See: Kuwait Government Online)
• Law No. 01 of 2016 Regarding Commercial Companies (In Arabic)
• Law No. 2 of 2012 Regarding Protecting Competition (In Arabic)
• Law No. 42 of 2014 regarding Environment Protection (In Arabic)
• Law No. 2 of 2008 regarding Corporate Income Tax
• Law No. 7 of 2010 regarding Capital Markets Authority
• Law No. 20 of 2014 regarding E-Transactions
• Law No. 37 of 2010 regarding Privatization
• Law No. 37 of 2014 establishing Telecommunications and IT Regulatory Body
• Law No. 98 of 2013 regarding SMEs as amended by Law No. 2/2014 (In Arabic)
• Law No. 111 of 2013 regarding New Commercial Permit’s (In Arabic)
• Law No. 116 of 2014 establishing Kuwait Authority for Partnership Projects
• Law No. 2 of 2016 regarding Anti-Corruption (In Arabic)
• Law No. 37 of 2010 regarding Privatization
• Capital Markets Authority (in English and Arabic) – offers access to laws, executive bylaws, arbitration rules, and forms.
• The Dispute Resolution Review (Jonathan Cotton ed., 6th ed. 2014) offers review of dispute resolution across fifty-four jurisdictions
• Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (its authority was established in accordance with Law No. 116 of 2013 regarding the Promotion of Direct Investment in the State of Kuwait)
• Santander Trade Portal (Kuwait: Foreign Investments)
• Kuwait Investment Authority

6. Control and Compliance of Public Funds in Kuwait

Many agencies in the State of Kuwait are working on the Safeguarding Public Funds by Legislative framework of public procurement and concessions. One of the most important bodies is the Bureau of Safeguarding Public Funds, which along with the National Assembly plays an Important role in controlling and compliance of Safeguarding Public Funds in the State of Kuwait.

6.1. The Central Tenders Committee (CTC)

The Central Tenders Committee, an independent government agency attached to the Council of Ministers, is the government authority responsible for prequalifying firms, issuing government tenders and awarding contracts. Tendering procedures executed by this committee are regulated by law number 37/1964 amended by Law No. 18/1970 and Law No. 81/1977. Law number 81/1977 authorizes government bodies to independently import commodities and/or commission the execution of works directly, or by way of tenders, and not through the CTC, if the value of the contract is not in excess of KD 5,000. However, such contracts shall not be concluded to cover the same commodities or works more than once in one calendar month.

6.2. The Audit Bureau

6.2.1. The Role of the Audit Bureau

The Constitution of the State of Kuwait, which was issued on November 11, 1962, clearly provided for the establishment of a commission for financial control in which its independence shall be safe guarded by the law.

On July 7th, 1964, Law No. 30 for the year 1964 was issued, establishing the State Audit Bureau in the State of Kuwait. Its first Article provides: “There shall be established an independent commission for financial control which shall be called the Audit Bureau and shall be attached to the National Assembly.”

Objectives: The main objective of SAB is to maintain an effective control over the public funds to safeguard them, prevent any misuse, and verify their proper utilization for the purposes they have been allocated for.

Through performance of its control activity, SAB has concentrated on the creation of a full conviction over the audited bodies. That is SAB is not looking for errors or deviations; instead, it aims primarily at the maintenance of public interests by safeguarding public funds and efficiently utilizing them for the aspects they have been allocated for. SAB has been able, through its constant cooperation and understanding and through communication with other authorities, to organize their financial and accounting transactions and devise the suitable solutions to reach the exemplary objective.

The Audit Bureau is a member of the Arab Group of Supreme Audit Institutions (ARABOSAI), having contributed to its establishment in 1976. It plays an active role in its various activities, especially the Executive Council, where the Audit Bureau currently chairs the Council for the period 2013-2016. It is also active in the Institutional Capacity Development Committee, the Regional Sub-Committee for Environmental Auditing, the Professional and Regulatory Standards Committee, the Financial Control Committee, and the Information Technology Working Group formed by the group.

Strategic Focus on Sustainability: The SAB’s 2023 annual assessment report highlighted a strategic emphasis on sustainability, aiming to reduce unnecessary financial expenditure and promote environmentally friendly practices within governmental institutions. These efforts align with global trends towards sustainable governance and reflect the SAB’s dedication to efficient resource utilization.

Independence: The independence of the SAB is supported by the provisions related to the head, the key official, personnel affairs, and the budget of the SAB. Moreover, the unlimited period of service of had given the SAB continuity of the fruitful leadership which is rarely available for the executive authorities of the State. This independence of SAB is represented in the following:

• The technical and administrative supervision on the work and employees of the SAB are undertaking by a head of the SAB who is appointed by an Amiri Decree after being elected by the National Assembly by the secret ballot and after obtaining the approval of the Council of Ministers. The head of the SAB is treated as a Minister regarding salary, pension and all financial allowances and privileges as well as the provisions of accusation and trial. Furthermore, he may not be dismissed unless the consent of most members of the parliament is obtained or as per the decision of the disciplinary authority concerned.
• All key employees of the SAB are appointed as per a decree pursuant to the candidature of the head of the SAB after the approval of the speaker and the Council of Ministers. The SAB has special system for personnel affairs which is different from the system that governs the staff of the executive authority as per the law under which the SAB was established.
• The budget of the SAB is determined by the head of the SAB with the agreement of the speaker, and it is listed in a special section in the budget of the State.

Dependence: The SAB is considered as an independent authority, even though it is subordinated to the National Assembly. This subordination is restricted to the limits of supervision and assistance, particularly in the field of control of the public fund. The aspects of this control are represented in the provisions included in the articles of association of the SAB. These provisions state that in the absence of the parliamentary life the SAB will be temporarily subordinated to the Council of Ministers till the resumption of the parliamentary life in order to eliminate the idea that that may be believed (contrary to reality) that the functions of the SAB will be considered ceased in the absence of the parliamentary life.

6.2.2. The Relationship between SAB and the National Assembly

The SAB is an independent institution attached to the National Assembly. Its financial control exercised on public funds is considered part of the control exercised by the National Assembly on the Executive Authority.

The president of SAB submits to the National Assembly, no later than the end of the month of October each year, an annual report on the accounts of the previous financial year of the State, Authorities, and Public Establishments budgets that are regulated by law. This report discusses the findings and contradictions of opinions that may arise between SAB and the bodies subject to its financial control.

6.2.3. The Relationship between SAB and the Ministry of Finance

According to the Legislative Decree No.31 for the year 1978 pertaining to the rules of the preparation of public budgets and control over its execution and the final accounts, the Ministry of Finance is the only direction responsible for definition of the form of public budgets and final accounts for the State and other attached and independent bodies. Furthermore, the ministry issues circulation regarding the execution of the budgets. Consequently, SAB has a close connection with the ministry, which is maintained through cooperation and coordination to secure the proper implementation of the financial instruction by those bodies subject to control and provide suitable solutions for the problems that may face these bodies during implementation. In addition, SAB participates with the ministry in the various committees that are formed now and then to discuss and develop financial legislation whenever it is found feasible and impending.

6.2.4. The Relationship between SAB and the Legal Advice and Legislation Department

The president of the Legal Advice and Legislation Department is a member in the Supreme Committee formed and presided over by the president of the Audit Bureau. This committee is concerned with the personnel affairs of the staff of SAB. It is empowered by authorities’ regulations by law and by-laws issued by both the Council of Ministries and the Civil Servants of the State.

6.2.5. International Relationships

The Audit Bureau is a member of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI), The Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI), where it participated in the Governing Board, and the Arab Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ARABOSAI), where it participated in its Executive Board until 1995 and still a member in the Prominent Committee for Training and Scientific Research.

To reinforce the cooperation between SAB and the other Arab, regional, and international SAIs, few of the high officials visited other SAIs to be acquainted with their rules of procedures and to exchange the knowledge and the skills where goals can be achieved.

Regarding the Government Sector, SAB’s auditing includes:

• Revenues.
• Expenditures.
• Personnel affairs.
• Tenders, practiced-tenders, contracts, and commitments.
• Imprests, public stores, and warehouses, the branches and the likes.
• Settlement accounts of imprests, safekeeping, current accounts, and regular accounts.
• Advances and loans granted by the State or one of the establishments or agencies having a public legal entity or granted in their interest.
• The ways in which the State funds are invested.
• The final accounts of the financial year ended for each of the State, the public bodies and establishments whose budgets are regulated by laws.
• All accounts, or any other work entrusted by the National Assembly or the Council of Ministers for examination and checking.
• Administrative, financial, and accounting bylaws.

In regard to public establishments and companies, SAB’s auditing includes:

• Public establishments and company accounts in accordance with the procedures and situations they adopt in the preparation of their accounts according to the nature of their business activities and within the limits of the provisions, by-laws and orders regulating their operations.
• Checking the reports of the share-companies’ external auditors and of the reports of the boards of directors.

6.3. Transparency

Kuwait places significant emphasis on transparency. The country was ranked sixth worldwide in the Linaburg-Maduell Transparency Index.

International Transparency Standards: In 2015, Kuwait became the 130th member of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes.

7. University Education and Research

History of Education: Kuwait is one of the high-income countries with a GDP per capita of above $24,000. In Kuwait, between 1975 and 1985, the public sector increased its absorption of nationals from 76 percent to 92 percent of all employees. The government of Kuwait is now looking for alternative sources for generating income. Therefore, the government is trying to diversify and improve skills of the labor force; hence education reform at all levels has now been given high priority. At the beginning of the 20th century there was no formal educational system in place in Kuwait. There were few Quranic schools known as Al-Katatib, funded by the wealthy private citizens of Kuwait that taught reading, writing and some basic mathematics. In 1912, the Al Mubarakiyya School was established as one of Kuwait’s modern educational institutions. It was founded by the merchants to train their clerks in commerce, mathematics and letter writing skills. In 1921, Al-Ahmedia school was established that offered English courses, and soon thereafter all girls’ schools were founded to provide Arabic education, home economics and Islamic Studies. The government got involved in providing formal education in 1936 and by 1945 there were 17 schools. With the increase in oil production and hence state revenues after World War II, the government began investing huge sums of money into social services including education. By 1960, there were 45,000 students enrolled in Kuwait’s educational system including 18,000 girls. In the year 1965, following the constitution that made education a fundamental right of a citizen, education was made compulsory for ages 6–14. Since the early 21st century, the Ministry of Education has sought to prepare a long-term General Education Strategy focusing on educational teaching for the years 2005-2025. This effort aims to align teaching methodologies with the current needs of the increasingly globalized world. The World Bank is conducting an analytical study to explore the various policy options to implement this new strategy. A National Conference for the Development of Education was held in Kuwait in February 2008 to further discuss the national strategy. Other multilateral organizations such as the OECD are working towards improving business environment and providing training to women to promote women’s entrepreneurship within the country.

There are a number of laws governing the work in education area, such as Decree Law No. 11 of 1965 concerning compulsory education, Law No. 29 of 1966 concerning the regulation of higher education, Decree Law No. 4 of 1981 concerning the literacy, and Law No. 63 of 1982 in establishing the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training.

Demographics: The population of Kuwait has grown rapidly in the past few years; it has more than doubled during the period between 2014 and 2025. In mid-2014, the population of the State of Kuwait was estimated at 3,767,415 persons, according to the Central Statistical Bureau. Kuwaitis represented approximately one-third of this figure, while the remainder consisted of non-Kuwaitis and foreign residents. By early 2025, the population had increased to about 4,881,254 persons, of whom 1,566,168 were Kuwaiti citizens (32.1%), compared to 3,315,086 non-Kuwaitis (67.9%). Statistics further indicated that males accounted for approximately 61% of the total population, while females represented around 39%. By mid-2025, the population had surpassed the five-million mark, reaching approximately 5,098,539 persons. The number of Kuwaiti citizens stood at 1,550,547, constituting 30.4% of the total, reaffirming the demographic predominance of expatriates over nationals. These figures demonstrate that Kuwait has witnessed significant population growth over the past two decades, accompanied by progress in education and school enrollment rates, particularly regarding gender equality. This reflects the State’s orientation toward investing in human capital as an integral part of its developmental strategy. Kuwait’s overall population falls in early 2025, as number of citizens rises

The Kuwaiti Cabinet’s approve the formation of the National Committee to Regulate the Population Structure in the country. The Cabinet’s decision came based on a previous recommendation from the Ministerial Legal Affairs Committee to form the committee, which will be headed by the First Deputy Prime Minister, and the membership of several relevant ministries and bodies.

The work of the Population Structure Adjustment Committee is related to addressing imbalances in the population structure and labor market in the State of Kuwait, considering the presence of large numbers of foreign workers in the country.

The latest statistics issued by the Central Statistical Administration in Kuwait for the year 2022 showed that the population of the country is four million and two hundred thousand of whom Kuwaitis are approximately two million and eight hundred thousand.

For last Report and Bulletins about wholesale price index numbers, consumer price index number, foreign trade indices, annual statistical bulletin of environment, annual statistical bulletin of transport, national accounts statistics, foreign trade statistics, educational statistics, producer price index numbers, statistical publication plan of the Kuwait Central Statistical Bureau, annual bulletin for vital statistics – marriage and divorce, and the statistics role in documenting the humanitarian and social work, visit the Central Statistical Bureau.

7.1. Other Institutes

In Kuwait, there are also religious institutes, which offer a program of general education at the intermediate and secondary levels, along with enhanced Islamic and religious studies. There were 1,026 students in the seven religious centers in 2005/06, of which seventy-five percent were Kuwaiti nationals.

7.2. Higher Education

There are some state supported higher education institutions in Kuwait, such as Kuwait University, The College of Basic Education in PAAET, Higher Institute for Theater Arts, Higher Institute of Music Arts. Kuwait University: Kuwait University was established in 1966. It is a co-educational institution and comprises five campuses in the Kuwait City. Since its inception the number of students has increased considerably, from 400 to 19,711 in 2005/06 students and has included a wide range of academic courses.

Public Authority for Applied Educational Training: This institution was established in 1982 to fill the need for a vocational and technical training institution. PAAET is comprised of two entities: PAAET is responsible for providing and developing skills of the national labor force to meet the demands of a developing nation. Secondly, it also provides training for students to have careers beyond the oil industry. The College of Basic Education in PAAET has an enrollment of 7,132, and an increase of twenty-six percent from the previous year.

The Higher Institutes for Theatre Arts and Music Arts with enrollment of 465 have seen a decline of twenty-five percent in 2005/06. In the academic year 2005/06, the total enrollment within the public institutions reached 27,308, and an increase of seven percent from previous year. The proportion of females in public institutions in the undergraduate studies is seventy percent.

The gross enrollment ratio in tertiary education in both private and public institutions in 2006 was about eighteen percent; the male gross enrollment ratio was eleven percent, a slight increase from previous year, and for females, it was twenty-six percent, a three-percentage point decrease from last year, in 2006.

Also, there are several post-secondary institutions in Kuwait that are approved by the Ministry of Higher Education such as Gulf University for Science and Technology, Arab Open University, Australian College in Kuwait, American University in Kuwait, Gulf American College, Kuwait-Maastricht Business School, and Box-Hill College Kuwait.

The largest private institution for undergraduate studies is the Arab Open University with 6294 students in 2005/06, which makes nearly 60 percent of all private undergraduate students. Kuwaiti students make up 53 percent of all undergraduate enrollments in private institutions.

Ministry of Education in Kuwait is making efforts to provide equal educational opportunities by opening special needs institutes. Some of the special needs children are also enrolled in special needs classes offered in general schools.

Law No. (12) of 2020 regarding the right to access information has been implemented at the headquarters of the Legal Opinion and Research Department – Legal Affairs Sector, Floor (16) to receive requests from citizens and employees to obtain their documents and information and respond to them within the legal period specified for that, as well as receiving grievances submitted in this regard.

8. Quick Links Research

8.1. Legal Links

• Kuwait Constitution (English)
• Kuwait Constitution
• Legal Information Network of Gulf – Kuwait
• Center for Research and Studies on Kuwait (English – Arabic)Library of Congress –Guide to law online- Kuwait ( English)
• WorldLII (Categories – Kuwait) ( English)
• NationMaster – (Middle East – Kuwait) (English)
• G.C.C. Commercial Arbitration Center
• Kuwait Legislations and Laws (Kuwait Government Online)
• The Official Gazette of Kuwait (Kuwait Al Youm)WIPOLEX
• Wikipedia
• Gulf legislation Network
• Network of Arab Lawyers

List of Kuwait Laws (in Arabic)

• Constitution and relevant laws (the Constitution – the Election Law – Nationality etc.)
• Amiri Decree No. 15 of 1959, the Kuwaiti Nationality Law
• Amiri Decree No. 17 of 1959, the law of the residence of foreigners
• Law No. 26 of 1961 on the national flag of the State of Kuwait
• 1962 Constitution of Kuwait
• Law No. 11 of 1962 on passports amended by Law No. 105 / 1994
• Law No. 17 of 1962 on the military decorations and medals
• Law No. 21 of 1962 the system of the diplomatic and consular
• Law No. 35 of 1962 on the election of members of the National Assembly
• Amiri Decree No. 70 of 1962 on the forms and fees for military decorations and medals
• Law No. 4 of 1963 determining the emoluments of members of the National Assembly
• 12 / 1963 Rules of Procedure of the Council of the Nation
• Law No. 22 of 1967 regarding the martial law
• Law No. 26 of 1969, the establishment of a state security court
• Law No. 14 of 1973 establishing the Constitutional Court
• Law No. 20 of 1974 on the collar and the Order of Mubarak Al-Kabeer Kuwait
• 1975 decree on materials, forms and fees necklace, the Order of Mubarak Al-Kabeer Kuwait, and the arrangements for them to stand for them and bring them
• Law No. 58 of 1976, the organization of Hajj
• Decree Law No. 131 of 1977 on regulating the use of ionizing radiation and the prevention of risks
• 1979 decree on the organization of construction work
• Decree Law No. 65 of 1980 concerning public mobilization
• Decree Law No. 105 of 1980 on the system of state property
• Decree Law No. 8 of 1981 amending some provisions of the Social Insurance Act of interested Amiri Decree No. 61 of 1976
• Law No. 7 of 1983 regarding the kidney transplant patient
• Law No. 75 of 1983 concerning organizing the settlement of transactions relating to shares of companies that have been on credit
• Law No. 88 of 1995 regarding the trial of Ministers
• Decree-Law No. 5 of 1999 concerning the intellectual property rights
• Law No. 33 of 2000 regarding the claims of property ownership of state-owned
• Law No. 25 of 2000 approving the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 2006
• Law No. 5 of 2006 approving the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its two associated protocols
• Law No. 47 of 2006 approving the United Nations Convention against Corruption
• Law No. 3 of 2006 on Printing and Publishing 2007
• Law No. 61 of 2007 on Audiovisual Media
• Personal Status Law and its Amendments 2010
• Law No. 6 of 2010 issuing the Labor Law in the Private Sector
• Law No. 7 of 2010 on the Establishment of the Capital Markets Authority and the Regulation of Securities Activity 2013
• Law No. 85 of 2013 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism
• Law No. 91 of 2013 on Combating Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
• Law No. 92 of 2013 Approving the Arab Convention on Combating Corruption
• Law No. 93 of 2013 Approving the Arab Convention on Combating Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing
• Law No. 94 of 2013 Approving the Arab Convention on Combating Transnational Organized Crime
• Law No. 106 of 2013 on Combating Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing 2014
• Law No. 20 of 2014 Issuing the Electronic Transactions Law
• Law No. 37 of 2014 Establishing the Communications and Information Technology Regulatory Authority
• Law No. 42 of 2014 Issuing the Environmental Protection Law 2015
• Law No. 12 of 2015 Issuing the Family Court Law
• Law No. 21 of 2015 Issuing the Child Rights Law
• Law No. 63 of 2015 Issuing the Law on Combating Information Technology Crimes
• Law No. 111 of 2015 Issuing the Juvenile Law 2016
• Law No. 1 of 2016 on Issuing the Law Companies
• Law No. 2 of 2016 Establishing the Public Authority for Combating Corruption and Special Provisions for Disclosing Financial Assets
• Law No. 8 of 2016 Regulating Electronic Media
• Law No. 33 of 2016 Concerning the Municipality of Kuwait 2019
• Explanatory Memoranda for Laws 1 to 8 of 2019
• Law No. 1 of 2019 Agreement between the Government of the State of Kuwait and the Government of the United States of America
• Law No. 2 of 2019 for the Agreement to Establish the Gulf Accreditation Center
• Law No. 3 of 2019 Recognizing the Interpol Travel Document Worldwide
• Law No. 4 of 2019 Establishing the Institute for Islamic Countries for Standards and Metrology
• Law No. 6 of 2019 Approving the Cooperation Protocol between the Government of the State of Kuwait and the Government of the Republic of Turkey in the Field of Education and Training for Members of the Kuwaiti National Guard
• Law No. 7 of 2019 Approving the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
• Law No. 8 2019 Approving the Final Documents of the World Radiocommunication Conference Geneva 2015 Follow-up No. 8 of 2019
• Law No. 9 of 2019 Regulating the Exchange of Credit Information
• Law No. 10 of 2019 Amending Some Provisions of the Social Insurance Law 2020
• Law No. 9 of 2020 Amending Some Provisions of Decree
• Law No. 38 of 1980 Issuing the Civil and Commercial Procedures Law
• Law No. 10 of 2020 Concerning Documentation

Judicial Affairs (Organization of the Judiciary-Constitutional Court-Arguments)

• Law No. 40 of 1972 on cases of discrimination and appeal procedures
• Law No. 17 of 1973 concerning legal fees
• Decree-Law No. 14 of 1977 regarding the grades and salaries of judges and prosecutors – and the Fatwa and Legislation Department
• Decree Law No. 38 of 1980 promulgating the Code of Civil Procedure and Commercial
• Decree law No. 40 of 1980 promulgating the organization of experience
• Decree Law No. 20 of 1981 on the establishment of the Tribunal for consideration by the college administrative disputes
• Decree Law No. 46 of 1987, the establishment of the Labor Court College
• Decree Law No. 1 of 1988 on the organization of procedures that claims ratios and correction of names
• Decree Law No. 46 of 1989 concerning the actions of little value
• Decree Law No. 23 of 1990 concerning the organization of the judiciary
• Law No. 11 of 1995 on the Judicial Arbitration in Civil and Commercial Matters
• Law No. 10 of 1996 – amending some provisions of Decree Law No. 23 of 1990 on the organization of the judiciary
• Law No. 109 for the year 2014 amending some provisions of Law No. 14 of 1973, the establishment of the Constitutional Court
• Law No. 21 of 2014 amending some provisions of Decree Law No. 23 of 1990 on the organization of the judiciary
• Law No. 29 of 2014 amending some provisions of Law No. 88 of 1995 regarding the trial of ministers
• Law N0. 12 of 2015 promulgating the Code of the Family Court

Commercial Activities (Trade-Companies-Central Bank-The Debts)

• Decree No. 1 of 1959, the registry system trading
• Law No. 15 of 1960 promulgating the Commercial Companies Law
• Income Tax Law in Kuwait (the area in-kind) No. 23 of 1961
• Law No. 24 of 1961 on insurance companies and agents
• Law No. 36 of 1964 on organizing commercial agencies
• Fanon No. 37 of 1964 on Public Tenders
• Law No. 43 of 1964 on the import
• Law No. 49 of 1966 regarding the lending Kuwaiti shareholding companies
• Law No. 32 of 1969 on the organization of licensed shops
• Law No. 32 of 1970 concerning the regulation of securities firms
• Law No. 20 of 1976 concerning the suppression of fraud in commercial transactions
• Decree Law No. 128 of 1977 regarding the standardization
• Decree Law No. 10 of 1979 concerning the supervision of trade in goods and determine the prices of some
• Decree Law No. 73 of 1979 – amending some provisions of Decree No. 5 of 1959, the law of real estate registration
• Decree Law No. 13 of 1980 regarding Customs
• Decree law No. 28 of 1980 Promulgating the Law on Maritime Trade
• Decree Law No. 29 of 1980 regarding maritime passport
• Decree Law No. 30 of 1980, pilots, navigation officers and marine engineers in the merchant ships
• Decree Law No. 68 of 1980 Promulgating the Law on Trade
• Decree Law No. 5 of 1981 concerning practicing the profession of accounting controls
• Decree Law No. 57 of 1982 regarding the transactions relating to shares of companies that have been on credit
• Law No. 59 of 1982 regarding transactions relating to shares of companies that have been on credit and ensure the rights of creditors of the
• Decree organizing the Kuwait Stock Exchange on August 14, 1983
• Law No. 100 vs. The special provisions for the settlement of transactions relating to shares of companies that have been on credit, as approved by the Board in its meeting held on Thursday, 11/8/1983
• Decree Law No. 31 of 1987, regulating the air transport market in Kuwait
• Decree Law No. 31 of 1990 concerning the regulation of securities and the establishment of investment funds
• Decree Law No. 128 of 1992 on the supplementary insurance system
• Law No. 41 of 1993 concerning the purchase of some of the state and how to collect debts
• Law No. 44 of 1993 concerning the companies that participate in the ownership of Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti
• Law No. 51 of 1994 regarding the amendment of some provisions of the Commercial Companies Law No. 15 of 1960
• Law No. 2 of 1995 regarding the sale prices and reduced advertising and promotion of goods and services
• Law No. 25 of 1996 regarding the disclosure of commissions made in the contracts entered into by the State
• Law No. 12 of 1998 on licensing the establishment of leasing companies and investment
• Law No. 63 of 1998 amending some provisions of Law No. 41 of 1993 concerning the purchase of some of the State debts
• 10 / 2003 System – Law – Common Customs Cooperation Council States
• Law No. 25 of 2012 Companies law.
• Law No. 2 of 2014 amending some provisions of Law No. 98 of 2013 regarding the establishment of the National Endowment for the care and development of small and medium enterprises
• •Law No. 3 of 2014 amending some provisions of Law No. 32 of 1968 concerning currency، the Central Bank of Kuwait and the organization of banking
• Law No. 20 of 2014 concerning electronic transactions

Criminal Law and Relevant Laws (Criminal – Criminal Procedure – Events – Public Money – Weapons)

• Law No. 16 of 1960 promulgating the Penal Code
• Law No. 17 of 1960 promulgating the Code of Criminal Procedure and Trial
• Law No. 22 of 1960, on the organization of Traffic Court
• Law No. 5 of 1961 organizing the legal relations of foreign element
• Law No. 6 of 1961, on the organization of obligations arising from the illegal
• Law No. 26 of 1962 on the organization of prisons
• Act No. 30 of 1964, on the establishment of the Audit Bureau
• Law No. 33 of 1964 on expropriation and temporary seizure of the public interest
• Law No. 44 of 1968 concerning the manifestation of fasting in Ramadaan
• Law No. 5 of 1970 regarding the valuation and acquisition of real estate used and exploited in the semi-state enterprises
• Law No. 31 of 1970 amending some provisions of the Penal Code No. 16 of 1960
• Law No. 9 of 1971 on the absence of proof to the former penal First
• Law No. 19 of 1976 on the misuse of telephone communications equipment
• Decree Law No. 67 of 1976 regarding the traffic
• Decree Law No. 65 of 1979 on public meetings and gatherings
• Decree Law No. 31 of 1980 regarding security, order and discipline in ships
• Law No. 3 of 1983 regarding the events
• Law No. 74 of 1983 on drug control and regulate the use and trafficking
• Law No. 35 of 1985 concerning crimes involving explosives
• Decree Law No. 48 of 1987 on the control of psychotropic substances and regulation of the use and trafficking
• Decree Law No. 13 of 1991 on weapons and ammunition
• Decree Law No. 94 of 1992 concerning the inspection procedures for control of weapons, ammunition and explosives prohibited
• Law No. 1 of 1993 on the protection of public funds
• Law No. 6 of 1994 regarding the crimes related to the safety of aircraft and air navigation

Civil Law and Personal Status (Civil – Personal Status Minors Affairs)

• Law No. 27 of 1963 on Statistics and Census
• Law No. 36 of 1969, regulating the registration of births and deaths
• Law No. 5 of 1971 on the binding will
• Law No. 25 of 1971 on the rental property, places, and to regulate relations between landlords and tenants
• Law No. 39 of 1976, on the organization of the ownership of floors and apartments
• Decree Law No. 35 of 1978 concerning rental properties
• Decree Law No. 74 of 1979, on the organization has non-Kuwaiti Real Estate
• Decree Law No. 39 of 1980 Promulgating the Law of Evidence in Civil and Commercial
• Decree Law No. 67 of 1980 promulgating the Civil Code
• Law No. 32 of 1982 on the system of Civil Information
• Law No. 51 of 1984 in Personal Status
• Law No. 15 of 1996 – and some articles on the Civil Code
• Law No. 61 of 1996 amending some provisions of Law No. 51 of 1984 on personal
• New Cyber-Crimes Law 2015.

Civil Service and Pensions (Service Code – Decree of Service – Insurance and Pensions – Civil Service Council)

• Law No. 34 of 1961 promulgating the Law on Insurance in kind
• Amiri Decree Law No. 61 of 1976 Promulgating the Law on Social Insurance
• Decree on entitlement, assessment and linking public assistance
• Decree Law No. 22 of 1978 concerning public assistance
• Decree Law No. 15 of 1979 on the Civil Service
• Law No. 62 of 1982 to increase pensions in some cases
• Decree Law No. 11 of 1988 to participate in social insurance is optional for overseas workers and the like
• Decree Law No. 56 of 1989 on the increase in pensions for children born after the end of the service
• Decree Law No. 1 of 1990 to grant an increase in the social allowance, pensions and public assistance
• Decree Law No. 11 of 1991 regarding exemption from deduction of the replacement of the pension
• Act No. 114 of 2014 on health insurance to retired citizens

Municipal Affairs (Kuwait Municipality – Governorates)

• Amiri Decree No. 75 of 1962 on the election of members of the Municipal Council
• Law No. 40 of 1966 regarding the selected
• Decree on the list of public gardens
• Decree on hawkers
• Decree on the massacres
• Decree on markets
• Decree organizing burials
• Decree on the sale and storage of food and stores its own
• Decree on public places and disturbing the comfortable and harmful to health
• Decree law No. 18 of 1978 concerning safety regulations and the protection of public facilities and resources of public wealth
• Decree Law No. 62 of 1980 regarding the protection of the environment
• Law No. 36 of 1982 regarding the firefighters
• Decree Law No. 9 of 1987 on the prohibition of certain acts harmful to public hygiene and plants
• Law No. 5 of 2005 for the Kuwait Municipality
• Decree No. 317 for the year 2014 on the identification of marine areas of the State of Kuwait
• Law No. 42 of 2014 Promulgating the Environment Protection Law

Work and Self-Employment (Work in the Private Sector – Bar Association – Doctors – Engineers – Unions)

• Decree No. 3 of 1955 on the Kuwaiti Income Tax amended by Law No. 2 of 2008
• Law No. 18 of 1960 to work in the public sector
• Law No. 49 of 1960 on the treatment institutions
• Law No. 24 of 1962 on the clubs and associations of public benefit
• Law No. 14 of 1963 amending the Labor Code in the public sector
• Law No. 23 of 1964 on the practice of the nursing profession in Kuwait
• Law No. 38 of 1964 concerning employment in the private sector
• Law No. 42 of 1964 regulating the legal profession before the courts
• Law No. 28 of 1969 concerning employment in the oil business
• Decree Law No. 24 of 1979 on Cooperative Societies amended by Law No. 118 for 2013
• Decree law No. 25 of 1981 on the practice of medicine, dentistry and professions are aiding in the
• Law No. 30 of 1995 amending some provisions of Law No. 38 of 1964 concerning employment in the private sector
• Law No. 62 of 1996 on amending some provisions of Law No. 42 of 1964 regulating the legal profession
• Law No. 2 of 1997 amending some provisions of Law No. 38 of 1964 concerning employment in the private sector
• Law No. 19 of 2000 regarding the support of national employment and encourage them to work in non-governmental organizations
• Law No. 3 of 2006 regarding the Press and Publications

Education and Universities (Education Act – Higher Education – Universities)

• Act No. 11 of 1965 concerning the compulsory education
• Law No. 29 of 1966 concerning the regulation of higher education
• Decree Law No. 4 of 1981 concerning the literacy
• Law No. 63 of 1982 in establishing the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
• Law No. 25 of 2014 amending some provisions of Law No. 11 of 1965 regarding compulsory Education

Economic Activities (Agriculture – Industry – Tourism – Communications)

• Decree No. 5 of 1959, the law of real estate registration
• Amiri Decree No. 11 of 1960 Law of Antiquities
• Law No. 4 of 1961 promulgating the Code Documentation
• Law No. 4 of 1962 on Patents and Industrial Designs
• Law No. 5 of 1975 concerning the allegations of property bonds, or to seize the property of the State
• Decree Law No. 112 of 1976 concerning Agricultural Quarantine
• Decree Law No. 8 of 1980 amending some provisions of Law No. 5 of 1975 concerning the allegations of property bonds, or to seize the property of the State
• Law No. 30 of 1982 – amending some provisions of Decree No. 5 of 1959, the law of real estate registration
• Law No. 1 of 1994 – on the addition of Law No. 4 of 1991 promulgating the Code Documentation
• Law No. 50 of 1994 regulating land-use Space
• Law No. 56 of 1996 regarding the issuance of the Industry
• Law No. 46 of 2006 regarding the Zakat and the contribution of public shareholding companies and closed in the state budget
• Law No. 23 of 2014 amending some provisions of Law No. 6 of 2008 concerning transforming Kuwait Airways Corporation into a joint stock company and amending Decree Law No. 22 of 2012
• Law No. 37 of 2014 regulating the establishment of Communications and Information Technology Commission

Military Institutions (Armed Forces – Police – Department of Investigation)

• Law No. 32 of 1967 regarding the military
• Law No. 23 of 1968 on the police force
• Decree Law No. 21 of 1979 concerning civil defense
• Decree law No. 69 of 1980 Promulgating the Law on Pension and retirement benefits for military personnel
• Decree Law No. 70 of 1980 on the military who have benefited from the provisions of Act No. 31 of 1967 regarding the entry into force of the provisions of the Pension and retirement benefits for military personnel to other employees commissioned by the Government in the areas of military operations
• Decree Law No. 102 of 1980 on compulsory military service and reserve
• 1981 decree on the organization of reserve duty

Public bodies (Youth and Sports – Agriculture and Fisheries – Civil Information)

• Law No. 1 of 1970 concerning the regulation of e-business
• Law No. 30 of 1972, the establishment of Eye Bank
• Law No. 15 of 1974 establishing the Public Authority for Housing
• Decree-Law No. 70 of 1976 establishing the Kuwait News Agency
• Decree Law No. 82 of 1977 regarding the Family Care
• Decree Law No. 133 of 1977 established the General Organization of Ports
• Decree Law No. 42 of 1978 concerning sports bodies
• Decree Law No. 46 of 1980 for the protection of fisheries
• Law No. 47 of 1982 establishing the General Authority for Investment
• Law No. 67 of 1983 concerning the General Authority for Minors Affairs
• Law No. 94 of 1983 establishing the Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources
• Law No. 30 of 2014 amending some provisions of Law Decree No. 42 of 1978 concerning sports bodies

International Conventions

• Decree Law No. 19 of 1979, on the approval of the Hague Convention of 1970 on the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft
• Decree Law No. 62 of 1979 approving the accession of the State of Kuwait to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation
• Decree Law No. 71 of 1988 approving the Protocol on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation

8.2. Government Links

Ministries and Government Bodies

• Crown Price DiwanThe supreme consultative committee on the implementation of the Muslim sharia law
• Diwan of H.H. The Prime MinisterCentral Tenders Committee
• General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development
• Manpower and Government Restructuring ProgramMinistry of Foreign Affairs
• Ministry of Finance
• National Assembly of Kuwait
• Supreme Council for Planning and Development
• Kuwait General Administration of Customs
• Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI)
• Ministry of Interior
• National GuardMinistry of Health
• Ministry of Information
• Kuwait Awqaf Public Foundation
• Ministry of Oil
• Ministry of Electricity and Water
• Ministry of CommunicationMinistry of Public Works
• National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters
• Directorate General of Civil Aviation
• Kuwait Embassies Kuwait Ministry of Justice
• Kuwait Ministry of Justice Legislation and Laws
• Kuwait Ministry of Finance
• List at UNESCO

State Organizations and Authorities

• National Assembly
• Kuwait Government Online
• Kuwait Municipality
• Kuwait University
• Public Authority for Civil Information
• Kuwait General Fire Force
• Kuwait Investment Authority
• Public Authority For Applied Education and Training
• Public Authority For Agriculture and Fish Resources
• Public Authority For Assessment of Compensation for Damage Resulting from Iraqi Aggression
• Public Authority for Youth

Environment Public Authority

Independent Government Establishments

• Central Bank of Kuwait Kuwait Airways
• Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development
• Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
• Public Authority for Housing WelfarePublic Institution for Social Security
• Kuwait Institute for Science Research
• Zakat House
• Public Authority for IndustryPublic Authority for Assessment of Compensation for Damages resulting from the Iraqi Aggression PAAC

Other Agencies

• Ministry of State for Youth Affairs
• Youth Empowerment in Kuwait | UNDP in Kuwait
• Kuwait Chamber of Commerce & IndustryKuwait Government Online
• ICC Kuwait – International Chamber of Commerce

• Kuwait Labor Law

• Kuwait – UNESCO

Kuwait Audit Bureau

Education, Studies and Research Links (Universities, Private Institution& International Associations)

• Kuwait University
• Kuwait Institute For Judicial and Legal Studies
• College of Social Science, Shari’a and Law (CSSL)
• Private Universities Council
• American International College (AIC) ‎
• Gulf University for Science and Technology
• Australian College of Kuwait

American University of Kuwait •

• MSM Kuwait Business School
• Arab Universities – SASTAAmerican College of Middle East
• Arab Open University
• Box-Hill College – Kuwait
• Kuwait College of Science & Technology
• American University of Middle East
• College of Aviation Technology
• Kuwait Institute for Science and Technology Kuwait International Law College
• INQAAHE
• Arab Network for Quality Assurance in Higher Education
• Kuwait College of Science and TechnologyASQAE
• APQN
• CHEA
• Kuwaiti Society for Scientific Research
• Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science
• Central Statistical Bureau
• Kuwait National Assembly

8.3. Finance and Economy Links

• Kuwait Stock ExchangeState Audit Bureau of Kuwait
• Kuwait Finance House
• Kuwait Chamber of Commerce
• Kuwait Investment Authority
• Kuwait Oil Company
• Gulf Financial Center Kuwait
• Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
• Kuwait Top List
• Kuwaiti Commercial Code
• Central Agency for Public Tenders
• Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Kuwait
• Central Bank of Kuwait
• National Bank of KuwaitKuwait Finance House (KFH)
• Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
• Wikipedia.org
• Natural Resource Governance Institute
• Kuwait National Adaptation Plan 2019-2030
• The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
• Kuwait Business Directory
• Kuwait Economy
• Investing in the State of Kuwait
• Public Investment Authority (Kuwait)
• Kuwait Investment Authority

Kuwait Access Law

8.4. Authorities and Institutions

• The Public Institution for Social Security
• Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
• Public Authority for Civil Information
• UNRISD On-Line
• The Public Institution For Social Security
• The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
• Council of Arab Interior Ministers
• Kuwait Awqaf
• Parliamentary life in the State of Kuwait

8.5. Additional Links

• Kuwaiti National Assembly
• Kuwait Municipality
• Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development
• Info-Prod Research (Kuwait)Worldlii (Kuwait)
• Library of Congress (Kuwait)
• Kuwait Links
• Ease of Doing Business in KuwaitThe World Fact Book (Kuwait)
• 45 governments during the 62-year journey in Kuwait’s history
• Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

News Agencies, Newspapers and Magazines

• Kuwait News Agency KUNA
• Al-Watan
• Arab Times
• Journal News
• Kuwait Times
• Al Forqan
• More KAl Forqanuwaiti Newspapers
• Kuwait opposition to boycott vote, calls for protests
• The Legal System in Kuwait: A Balance between Authenticity and Modernity to Ensure Stability and Justice
• Committee on the Rights of the Child Combined third to sixth periodic reports submitted by Kuwait under article 44 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.Under the high directives of His Highness the Amir, Kuwait adopts an ambitious approach to transform foreign investment into a driving force for economic growth
• Forming a committee to amend the demographic structure and regulate the expatriate labor market raises controversy
• Petrol and food prices will fall thanks to oil glut, says World Bank
• Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
• JPMorgan expects Brent crude to average $70 by end-2025
• Strategic framework Kuwait
• Kuwait picks new financeThe enactment of Law No. 1 of 2024: Revolutionizing Business in Kuwait
• Kuwait opposition to boycott vote, calls for protestsKuwait Court Dissolves Parliament – Al Jazeera
• Kuwait Elections 2016 – Reuters
• Kuwait Elections 2020 – Gulf NewsKuwait Elections 2022 – Arab News
• Kuwait’s Political Crisis – Carnegie EndowmentKUNA: Kuwait Amir dissolves parliament, suspends some articles of Constitution – diwan.
• Kuwait ‘keen on modernizing its judicial system’
• Kuwait: Relaxed Residence Permit Transfer Rules for Certain Foreign Nationals
• Court of Cassation acquits 5 employees in KD 5m public fund caseCourt of Cassation upholds 10 years and 7 years
• Kuwait reaffirms commitment to boost kids
• Kuwait to strengthen child protection
• Social Affairs Minister Discusses Cooperation With Kuwait Financial Intelligence Unit
• Kuwait committed to fighting money laundering: Official
• Kuwait proposes 15% corporate tax
• Kuwait Investment Authority
• Investing responsibly for Kuwait’s future
• The KIA is a force for good in global markets
• Investing responsibly for Kuwait’s future prosperity
• Surge in FDI reflects growing confidence in Kuwait
• Foreign Investment in Kuwait Reaches $16 Billion
• Kuwait’s measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing
• Kuwait’s progress in financial integrity
• Kuwait: Relaxed Residence Permit Transfer Rules for Certain Foreign Nationals
• Boursa Kuwait
• Esam Al-Roumi appointed Kuwait Audit Bureau chief
• Audit Bureau focuses on sustainability reducing unnecessary spending